Milgram Behavioural Study of Obedience Essay

The method used by Milgram was the laboratory experiment. The main advantage that Milgram had with this method was the amount of control he had over the situation. He controlled what the participants saw, heard and experienced and was able to manipulate their behaviour through what they were exposed to. This method also allowed accurate measurement of variables and the clear standardised procedures meant that replication was possible. The disadvantages of this method include low ecological validity and the influence of demand characteristics on the participants and it could be argued that they were behaving in the way that they thought was expected of them rather than producing natural behaviour. Milgram has also been heavily criticised regarding the ethics of this study (see below) . Was the sample representative? Milgram’s sample was a self-selected sample of 40 males obtained through advertising. This could be regarded as being a biased sample as they were all male American citizens. They were also volunteers and the majority of the population is unlikely to volunteer to take part in research and those who do may be atypical of the target population in some way. Hence there may be problems generalising from these results. What type of data was collected? The data collected was quantitative in that it involved measuring participants’ obedience level, numerically, in terms of how far up the voltage scale they were prepared to go. This type of data has the advantage of being easy to compare and statistically analyse. However, Milgram included no qualitative descriptions of why the participants obeyed or how they felt during the experiment although there are a few brief descriptions of participants’ behaviour during the experiment. Does this study have high or low Ecological Validity? As with all laboratory experiments there are problems with Milgram’s study regarding its ecological validity. It involved an extremely unusual task carried out under very artificial conditions and as such, is likely to have produced very unnatural behaviour from the participants. This has implications for the extent to which we can generalise from these results to real life situations and it can be argued that the study tells us nothing about obedience in everyday life but simply shows us how obedient these people were, in this environment, performing this task. Was the study ethical? Milgram’s study was probably one of the most unethical pieces of psychological research ever conducted. It can be criticised in terms of almost all the British Psychological Society Ethical Guidelines including informed consent, deception, right to withdraw and protection from harm. However, in Milgram’s defence, we can argue that he did not expect the participants to obey to the extent that they did or to find the task so stressful. He also conducted a thorough debriefing and follow-up monitoring of his participants. A survey conducted one year later revealed that 84% of the participants were glad to have taken part in the study and psychiatric examinations of them showed that none had suffered long term harm. What does this study tell us about Individual and Situational Explanations of behaviour? The individual explanation for the behaviour of the participants would be that it was something about them as people that caused them to obey, but a more realistic explanation is that the situation they were in influenced them and caused them to behave in the way that they did. Some of the aspects of the situation that may have influenced their behaviour include the formality of the location, the behaviour of the experimenter and the fact that it was an experiment for which they had volunteered and been paid. How useful is this research and to what extent can it be applied to everyday life? As stated previously, the stimulus for this study was the Holocaust and this study has contributed significantly to the discussions regarding the behaviour of the Germans at this time. In particular, it provides strong evidence against the ‘Germans are different’ hypothesis. It also gives a valuable insight into the power of situations and of authority. The results suggest that we have a natural tendency to obey authority figures even when we feel that what we are being asked to do is morally wrong. However, the applications are restricted by the methodological limitations such as low ecological validity and an unrepresentative sample.

Health And Disease In Communities Health And Social Care Essay

The different bureaus responsible in placing degrees of wellness and disease in communities are the undermentioned: World Health Organisation, Health Protection Agency and the Primary Care Trusts. This three may hold different particulars in footings of their aims and marks but they are normally working on towards a safer and wellness riskless environment. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) maps are chiefly in supplying support and services to the different wellness attention establishments around the Earth particularly those who chiefly need it e.g. low executing wellness attention suppliers on a per state footing, freshly debilitated countries and the likes. The administration besides joins forces with other necessary wellness attention administrations in order for them to get aid in the execution of certain programmes or activities locally. Their outreach workss are most particularly recognized during national catastrophes, catastrophes, eruptions and other global dismaying state of affairss. Another bureau that aids in detecting degrees of wellness and diseases is the Health Protection Agency ( HPA ) . Harmonizing to HPA ( 2010 ) ‘The maps of the Agency are â€Å" to protect the community ( or any portion of the community ) against infective diseases and other dangers to wellness † ( HPA Act 2004 ) . ‘ This means that any alterations in the degree of wellness in a certain community particularly those which are caused by the engagement of a certain individual to unsafe materials/chemicals/equipments is being watched by the HPA. The bureau is specifically designed to provide this sort of concerns and are tasked to forestall harmful incidences from happening and to avoid jailbreaks if such state of affairs occurs. On the other manus, Primary Care Trust ( PCT ) is fundamentally more specific in footings of attention proviso since they focus on a certain country assigned to them. For illustration, if Wandsworth is the country coverage of a certain PCT so they are specifically tasked to run into the demands of the people shacking in that said topographic point. They must make their best to make out to every individual occupant and supply them the attention that they need since this is seen as one of the wellness searcher ‘s privilege. When outbreaks go on PCT is besides responsible for placing the community ‘s position. Word count: 351Answer 1 – 1.2An epidemiological survey last 2007 in Africa showed a important addition in incidence rate as seen in Appendix A table 1 [ page 20 ] . Over all, from the twelvemonth 2006 to 2007, there was an extra 0.9 % of instances added go forthing the incidence informations markedly higher than the figure of prevalence instances. The 2015 mark prevalence rate was set to 384 per 100,000 population. The current surveillance displayed 692 instances per 100,000 population. The figure of deceases related to the TB disease even displayed a more fickle rate. Mortality rate was 230 per 100,000 population per twelvemonth with a mark figure of 39 for this approaching 2015. This means that Africa still has a long manner to travel in cut downing the figure of instances ( deceases and incidence ) , eight old ages might be well plenty from sensing to direction procedure but all are still in the custodies of the wellness attention suppliers, administrations and programmes i nvolved with it. Mentioning still to postpone 1, multidrug-resistant TB instances ‘ per centum is at the same clip spiking together with the incidence rate. The lone positive projection showed by the tabular arraies is the DOTC instance sensing rates which have been run intoing the coveted ends of the anti-TB programme. Additionally, there is a steady addition in new phlegm vilification ( positive/negative ) , new extrapulmonary, backsliding and retreatment presentments. On table 2 [ page 20 ] , the unfavorable results per centums resulted to decease, failures, defaults, transportations and non rating. Large rates of new phlegm smear positive instances lead to decease, defaults, transportations and nonevalutaion while new sputum smear negative instances lead to immense figure of deceases and defaults. Same thing goes with new extrapulmonary instances but few instances resulted to failure entirely. Retreatment instances were besides high which resulted to all unpleasant factors. The DOTS coverag e have been executing good since 2003 and above, but intervention programs did non travel good throughout the important period although instance sensing rates were all good. The job significantly lies on the intervention direction and behavior. Case sensing rates were already found to be greatly improved which means countries on direction programs are now going the oculus of aims. Diabetes rates in Africa were n't that high ( see Appendix B image 1 page 21 ) . Table 3 Appendix B shows the population sample for the diabetes instance anticipation. Merely 3-5 % in ages 35-64 old ages old is affected although this can increase significantly or duplicate up in several old ages. Africa did non either come in the axial rotation of taking states who are likely to be portion of the universe ‘s highest diabetes instances for both twelvemonth 2000 and 2030 anticipation. Compared to the TB disease rates, diabetes is more likely lupus erythematosus of a concern for the wellness administrations and all attempts must be concentrated on TB bar and obliteration. Word count: 454Answer 1 – 1.3The TB ( TB ) instance study show a gradual one-year addition from the twelvemonth 2005 to 2009 on the figure of people infected in United Kingdom with exclusion on the twelvemonth 2007 where the instances dropped down to -0.7 % . England has the largest figure of TB instances making to several 1000s while the other states are merely holding an norm of 100s and less. The state that got the lowest rate of instances was Northern Ireland with twelvemonth 2005 as the highest. The tabular array showed that the steps taken to take down down the incident rate were clearly effectual. This state of affairs was, nevertheless, opposite with Scotland, England and Wales. Although the 2nd and 3rd states aforementioned showed a little dip in the per centum of instances for one peculiar twelvemonth, the consistence of disease generation outweighed the happening of the little unappreciable fluctuation. The 2nd chart sing the regional instances of TB seems to hold the ability to catch the reader ‘s eyes. Obviously, London has the highest figure of instances and this is rather expected and logically true. The metropolis is known for its multicultural and multidiverse race, this means that the attack can go a batch harder since each civilization has its ain alone features towards wellness attention. When a certain act is done in order to cut down the figure of incidence, different people with distinguishable imposts will respond to this unreproducibly and this is one factor that can greatly impact the end of the national wellness bureaus to take down down and extinguish such disease. South East, West Midlands, Yorkshire and the Humber showed a changeless ascent in the figure of instances. South West and North West both have a steady rate with the twelvemonth 2009 as the highest. East Midlands, East of England and North East had unpredictable fluctuations. By and large, the sprea d of instances between London and the other parts range from 2500 to 3000. The diagram clearly gave out a decision that the range of country and population mass are merely few factors that can give out a good relation on the incidence rate. Word count: 345Answer 1 – 1.4The effectivity of the different attacks and schemes in commanding fleshiness ( a noncontagious disease ) and malaria – a catching one, is greatly shown on the ability of public wellness squads and administrations to forestall and command the spread of the certain disease in a community. Since the mark is laid locally per Se, the method becomes more efficient particularly when a national station execution study is done to look into whether the state of affairs has calmed down. Aiming for a group-by-group intercession can do the planned solution and even the epidemiological survey more specific and viewed as a case-to-case footing. The epidemiological survey is one really of import scheme since it determines the incidence and prevalence of such disease in a given country. The consequences of the epidemiological survey are so used as a footing for be aftering for actions, implementing activities and determination as to whether the disease happ ening has become extended or non. Due to this information gathered, the extension in footings of figure of instances of such disease can be halted. Assorted programmes will be implemented by several administrations. After some period of clip, another study will be done to look into for betterments or deterioration of the identified incident. For noncontagious diseases such as fleshiness, besides known as the taking factor for high blood pressure and diabetes, activities will more likely be related to information airing through wellness publicity and instruction. Normally, programmes will be divided into the undermentioned classs: publicity, bar, healing and rehabilitation. This will let better consequences since this can forestall farther happening through publicity of wellness and bar, eliminates instances through healing attack and prevents decease rates through rehabilitation. Bogle ( 2007 ) states that ‘Prevention is finally the most effectual scheme. ‘ This is non merely applicable to one disease but to the remainder of the identified diseases every bit good. Catching diseases, nevertheless, does the same programmes but are a batch more extended and thorough since the rate of addition is greater compared to those diseases which are noncontagious. Due to several attacks and schemes done by the public wellness administrations, diseases which are considered to be really damaging have been isolated and controlled. However, some of these schemes are proven to be less efficient in TB control establishing from the given chart of TB septic people in the United Kingdom. Word count: 376Answer 2 – 2.1There are current precedences in service proviso for those people infected with Chlamydia peculiarly in United Kingdom. One precedence recognized comes in increasing epidemiological surveies which involves finding the best diagnostic procedure/test. Greenhouse ( n.d. ) states that: [ T ] he hapless sensitiveness and specificity of clinical marks in diagnostic pelvic infection have long been demonstrated by laparoscopy, which is often normal despite hurting and proved infection. [ 4 ] Laparasocopy has been shown to be inaccurate when audited by fimbrial histology, [ 5 ] projecting uncertainty on the findings of some authoritative epidemiological studies.A A more extended research and survey must be implemented in order to for good eliminate diagnostic mistakes which are proven to be one of the chief hinderances in better quality wellness attention proviso. Service enlargement late underwent a alteration through implementing a national showing plan since the assignment of such duty to the local sectors did non give out a good consequence despite the lengthy and expensive steps undertaken ( ‘Parliamentary concern ‘ , 2010 ) . The first intercession turned out to be a failure in the sense that the PCTs were n't able to properly manage the given duty. However, this was n't the Primary Care Trust ‘s mistake since harmonizing to the Chairman of the Committee of Public Accounts, Edward Leigh ( n.d. every bit cited in ‘Parliamentary concern ‘ 2010 ) : †¦ the duty for presenting a national enterprise is pushed down to local degree, with small idea about the mechanisms and intercessions needed at national and regional degree to keep efficiency and impulse. Another precedence identified is the effectual clinical bar services and high quality sexual wellness. Prevention is ever the key to a most cost effectual scheme. Further seen precedence is most likely focused on the healing procedure since when such infection is non treated ; it can ensue to lay waste toing wellness jobs e.g. pelvic inflammatory diseases, chronic hurting, sterility. Approaches to serve proviso for people with Chlamydia have become more approachable due to the presence of PCTs. Screening and intervention have been widely dispersed ; spreads and other necessary preparations have been continually identified and developed in order to avoid the chance of incorrect diagnosings, wrong interventions and wastage of resources. The service proviso have become countrywide and this thoroughly helped towards the end of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme ( 2010 ) which is to ‘ †¦ run into current marks of 17 per cent testing in community outside GUM and work towards degrees of 35 to 50 per cent overall in the community and GUM. ‘ Word count: 398Answer 2 – 2.2Determining the HIV prevalence rate for wellness attention proviso becomes the footing in formation of planning and activities to be implemented. Knowing the root cause of such disease incidence helps in aiming the specific issue, this assists in doing the designed programmes to go speedy and efficient. It ‘s like extinguishing the demand to travel around the shrubs by cognizing one direct responsible way. The demands needed for wellness attention proviso will ever depend on how the initial procedures turned out. For illustration, if a certain country has been found to hold an alarming figure of HIV infected instances so this would necessitate expert resources. Bing able to hold a partial mentality on the current status of the eruption can assist in apportioning the resources good, implement prioritization and supply the right information that the public demands. The ‘Human Sciences Research Council ‘ ( n.d. ) states that ‘T he HIV and AIDS and STI Strategic Plan recognises monitoring and rating ( M & A ; E ) as an of import policy and direction tool. ‘ Just how expressed the schemes and methods of the UK in combating against HIV are, this is precisely how stiff the wellness attention service proviso are excessively. The degrees of HIV prevalence will state which province actions are so taken by the whole sectors and administrations involved. Consequently, this will pick the necessary demands to decently turn to the wellness concerns and the identified causes will be closely monitored, farther probe will even be done to look into whether new signifier of transmittals has developed. More preventative steps will besides be implemented since this can avoid happening. The importance of finding the evidences for HIV disease growing besides lies in the significance of being able to properly educate the people ( portion of the demand execution scheme ) and place steps that can assist avoid such happening by educating the identified vulnerable group. Designation of steps lucifers up with the causes of HIV. In general, the relationship between HIV prevalence, causes and demands are intertwined and one country will ever look up the other country or else there will be trouble in the agencies of eliminating the job. Word count: 349Answer 2 – 2.3The impact of baccy smoke in the wellness service proviso planning in the hereafter is the addition in greater bar investing harmonizing to the ‘NAO Report on undertaking wellness inequalities: Mentions to smoking ‘ ( n.d. ) . The uninterrupted addition on the figure of baccy tobacco users must hold made the consciousness run become stronger due to the version of the phrase ‘prevention is ever better than remedy ‘ . Health functionaries are cognizant of the disputing state of affairs that nicotine nuts must get the better of, that is why there is no better manner than forestalling the people from prosecuting in this sort of frailty. One survey besides proved the necessity of fleshiness decrease in relation to the good worsening rates of tobacco users. Harmonizing to Stewart ( 2009 ) , it is necessary that both of the issues must be addressed with importance wholly because ‘If past fleshiness tendencies continue unbridled, the negative effects on the wellness of the U.S. population will progressively outweigh the positive effects gained from worsening smoking rates. ‘ This suggests that the impact of baccy smoke non merely touches one country of a wellness service programme which is the nicotine dependance obliteration since the consequence can besides destroy other wellness service concerns such as the anti-diabetes/obesity run. Due to the ability of smoking jobs to act upon other bing wellness attention jobs, the impact to future wellness service proviso planning might ensue to a more stiff and tight policies. This can go a good land for publishing a compulsory consequence that consists of a mark en d. The key to the ability of the full state to implement such ambitious actions or intercessions would come from the willingness of the wellness functionaries, administrations and squads to present the planned services and schemes immediately. We are already running out of clip since the disease tendency itself is showing a gradual addition, there shall be no more alibis made and everyone must besides be called to work hand-in-hand. Word count: 316Answer 2 – 2.4Peoples who have been enduring from fleshiness require professional aid particularly that today ‘s tendency with respects to unhealthy lifestyle effects have been increasing. One administration that can efficaciously present out a service for free is the National Obesity Forum ( NOF ) . Most of today ‘s wellness ogranisations have been going alarmed with the deficiency of preventative steps that people must be exerting. NOF is one scheme implemented due to the dismaying disease rates, harmonizing to them: [ tungsten ] vitamin E are peculiarly concerned with the deficiency of focal point on bar and structured direction of corpulence and corpulent persons in primary attention and the consequence this has on society. Obesity, as a disease, is an issue which affects non merely the wellness service but has a knock-on consequence for the economic system, industry, instruction and government.A Aside from the preventative services, direction is besides one factor that needs to be taken into consideration. A batch of corpulent people are holding a difficult clip in seting to their life style ( eating wonts, exercising and etc. ) . This factor makes it so nerve-racking for corpulent patients since changing wonts can be hard. The NOF has late released a new criterion for pull offing wellness service users viz. the Very Low Energy Diets. Whichever establishment a client may take to get the wellness services needed, this criterion can be helpful since this is where other private establishments are traveling to establish their manner of attention. Another manner of direction is the fleshiness surgery ; this can be acquired from any establishment of pick and has been proven to be an effectual manner to extinguish fleshiness although this has n't been found to be a cost-efficient step. Harmonizing to the BBC News ( 2006 ) , other steps that can be helpful for fleshiness obliteration are the wellness cheques, inclusion of athleticss installations on lodging undertakings, free fleshiness surgery services, revenue enhancement of nutrient high in Calories and supplying rhythm lanes. Word count: 311Answer 3 – 3.1Precedences for the kids ‘s well being must be based in conformity to the common wellness issues that the younger age groups are confronting and are forecasted to be confronting. Issues that kids normally face are infective diseases, risky environment, maltreatment and malnutrition. Infectious diseases such as the H. Pylori which is normally acquired by kids in the low socioeconomic group are to be detected on kids holding the symptoms and treated early. Infectious diseases can ensue to enfeebling long term effects and hence appropriate wellness solutions such as bar and immediate remedy are of import. A risky environment can include kids holding parents who are smoking baccy on their presence, a non kid safe room construction e.g. approachable hot surface and the likes. Accidents account for a big figure of kids who are handicapped and of mortality rates. The Child Safety Week ( 2010 ) provinces: [ s ] erious accidents can do hurts to kids that take months or old ages to mend. The psychological harm caused to kids and their households frequently lasts a life-time. Yet many of these accidents can be prevented by taking merely a minute, to travel a hot drink, look into a fume dismay, lock the medicine cabinet, exchange off the drier or take your pes off the gas pedal. A great trade of attending must besides be given to this country in order to protect the kids really good. Abuse is another issue that does n't merely ensue to physical hurt but injuring including the emotional facet of the kid. Health services such as the Child Protection Agency are the animal trainers of this issue and services provided are non merely limited to one country since this require a uninterrupted and multi service proviso. Another wellness status that is rather taken for granted is the malnutrition issues that kids are confronting. Fleshiness is going a major concern and most of the instances involved people who have been overweight since birth. There ‘s no better manner than turn toing the job by aiming the early ages since control is still better handled compared to corpulent people who are already populating a considerable sum of old ages in their life. Generally talking, all of these wellness jeopardies can be decently managed, controlled and prevented by the community attention establishments that are responsible for attention proviso. Equally long as programs, intercessions and ends are all taken earnestly, wellness precedences for kids will be met. Word count: 392Answer 3 – 3.2The effectivity of policies implemented for the well being of the kids can be seen on the incorporation of Torahs to Centres which involve kid attention. Several bureaus which are regarded as a large subscriber to implementing kid wellness attention were besides being tapped and now are presently working together in one end. Harmonizing to Great Britain Department for Children, Schools and Families ( 2010 ) , partnerships of administrations have been structured and designed in order to let early incorporation of kid wellness attention services, this includes the engagement of PCTs and other local wellness governments. Due to the alterations made in the wellness continuity attention scheme, several services peculiarly those which targets kid attention have been found to be really effectual. Alterations besides resulted to the birth of other policies or polish of regulations in order to make a better manner of attention proviso. However, although some of the schemes and systems have been found to be effectual in covering with the jobs refering the kids, there are still several countries that call out for immediate and stiff intercession. Such instances would include betterment of results for looked after kids and bettering coaction with wellness sectors. These countries have proven to be rather unsatisfactory in run intoing the desired results. Governments have been invariably happening ways in order to advance the schemes which were being set. Parental support is besides incorporated as a manner to efficaciously turn to the issues of the kids ‘s public assistance. Community programmes have been invariably monitored and being remodeled particularly on today ‘s turning crisis. The manner of attention is being matched up with the current state of affairs in order to increase the feasibleness of the designed programs, schemes, policies and systems. Overall, the impact of the ordinances that are set in order to increase the advancement of results on the kid ‘s attention has been reasonably effectual. Several ordinances need to be reconstructed and reviewed while other policies need more action. Word count: 317Answer 3 – 3.3Several alterations still need to be implemented for the kids ‘s good being. These alterations include ‘promoting the societal and emotional well-being of kids in primary instruction ‘ ( National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008 ) , educational information airing aiming kids ‘s parents, societal reform, restructuring of inter organizational cooperation and broadening of societal programmes on communities. The primary instruction has been considered to be one of the important phases of kids since this is the point where their values are being honed and how their emotional response is being triggered by the legion societal elements present in their environment. Human behavior is shaped harmonizing to how people are being raised and the constitution of a more sold foundation is the key to diminish wellness behaviors which are really unsafe. Educating parents must besides be done in every community since this is one of the effectual ways to assist and steer the direct carer of the kid ‘s well-being. Social workers must besides concentrate non merely to the kid ‘s status entirely but besides in looking after how his/her environment has been impacting the kid. Rearing programmes and activities in coordination with other worker administrations can be done since this can assist employers go sensitive to the demands of their workers. The current environment right now is already necessitating alone ways to near every quandary. Pressures coming from the working environment that are impacting every working family particularly parents are really much affected with this type of state of affairs. There is excessively much demand from work go forthing other duties in life abandoned which are seen to be purportedly a batch more of import. We can non deny the importance of occupations now a yearss and pretermiting them on the other manus is neither the best option. The greater solution would be to let the different sectors to fall in together and collaborate so that each side will be reasonably heard, considered and met. Having this done, we can state that a societal reform and inter organizational linkages have been built. Adopting a â€Å" kid friendly † logo in all countries can perfectly assist decrease the load that kids are now unconsciously confronting. Word count: 350Answer 3 – 3.4Note: Please mention to the tabular array cited in Appendix C [ page 22 ] Inculcating the significance of exercising early on the kid ‘s life style non merely increases their well-being during their childhood yearss but it besides allows them to be acquainted with such wellness health pattern. Even during the kid ‘s babyhood, inactive exercising had already been found to be a really effectual manner to develop the kid ‘s muscular and skeletal growing. Primary kids are particularly known to be hyper active in footings of activities and doing exercising as one of their daily activities can assist them non merely physically but in all facets. One of the ends enumerated is the importance of the kid to show a positive attitude towards exercising ; this can promote the kids to go concerted and it helps construct a positive consequence on them therefore leting them to love the feeling of holding their organic structures on the move. Teachers must besides ever indicate out what advantages they will be acquiring in a simple mode or in a method whe rein kids would appreciate and understand. This can be done by puting a image of a kid ‘s organic structure in a board while exerting ; every motion would so be matched up with the certain portion of the organic structure that has benefited the move. Implementing a particular hebdomad for a household athleticss fest wo n't merely aim the kids ‘s well-being but it besides fosters parental or household bonding. This can be made successful by inquiring coordination with household administrations that exists in a community. Social community attention administrations or sectors can besides be invited and let this chance to go portion of the pilot testing of the effectiveness of the planned plan. This sort of activity can assist both related sectors to work together and go one or unified on their end. It besides increases the effectiveness of the ends targeted for the different sectors involved. Continuity of the exercising activity can even travel every bit far as holding interscholastic competitions ; this can be introduced to primary and third degree establishments. Word count: 325MentionsBBC News, 2006. Obesity ‘could ruin the NHS ‘ [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6180991.stm [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Bogle, V. , 2007. Haringey Obesity Strategy 2007-2010 [ Online ] . p.12. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.haringey.nhs.uk/services/specialist/care_pathways_and_guidelines/obesity/obesity_strategy_adults.pdf [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Child Safety Week, 2010. The ‘Make clip for safety ‘ theme [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.childsafetyweek.org.uk/child-safety-week/ [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Great Britain Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2010. Certain Start kids ‘s Centres: statutory counsel: response to the audience [ Online ] . London: Great Britain. Department for Children, Schools and Families. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/profile.asp? guid=5bcdbe7b-0d02-46f4-a984-33f856a7ef34 [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Greenhouse, P. , n.d. The 4th Bandolier Conference: Chlamydia. Positions from the infirmary [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/bandopubs/bandocon4/chlamyd.html # Heading4 [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Health Protection Agency, 2010. What the Health Protection Agency Does? [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hpa.org.uk/AboutTheHPA/WhatTheHealthProtectionAgencyDoes/ [ Accessed 25 July 2010 ] ‘Human Sciences Research Council ‘ , n.d. Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS and Health [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hsrc.ac.za/SAHA.phtml [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] ‘NAO Report on undertaking wellness inequalities: Mentions to smoking ‘ , n.d. Key Recommendations [ Online ] . p.1. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_736.pdf [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] ‘National Chlamydia Screening Programme ‘ , 2010. Commissioning [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chlamydiascreening.nhs.uk/ps/commissioners/summary.html [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008. Promoting kids ‘s societal and emotional well-being in primary instruction [ Online ] . p.3. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.headsupscotland.co.uk/documents/PH012Guidance.pdf [ Accessed 28 July 2010 ] National Obesity Forum, n.d. Welcome to the National Obesity Forum [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nationalobesityforum.org.uk/ [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] ‘Parliamentary concern ‘ , 2010. Report examines chlamydia testing plan [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.parliament.uk/business/news/2010/01/report-examines-chlamydia-screening-programme/ [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Stewart, S. , Cutler, D. & A ; Rosen, A. , 2009. The New England Journal of Medicine. Forecasting the Effects of Obesity and Smoking on U.S. Life Expectancy [ Online ] . 361, p.2252-2260. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa0900459 [ Accessed 26 July 2010 ] Wild, S. , Roglic, G. , Green, A. , Sicree, R. & A ; King, H. , 2004. Diabetes Care. Global prevalence of diabetes [ Online ] . 27 ( 5 ) , p.1048. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/diabetes/facts/en/diabcare0504.pdf [ Accessed 30 July 2010 ] World Health Organization, 2010. Global Tuberculosis Control WHO Report 2009 [ Online ] . p.145. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //apps.who.int/globalatlas/predefinedReports/TB/PDF_Files/zaf.pdf [ Accessed 29 July 2010 ] World Health Organization, 2010. Prevalence of Diabetes [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/diabetes/actionnow/en/mapdiabprev.pdf [ Accessed 29 July 2010 ]

Charles Perkins Freedom Rides

Perkins was born in Alice Springs in 1936. His early education was at school in Adelaide. A skilled soccer player, Perkins played professional soccer in England from 1957 to 1960. Having turned down an offer to try out for Manchester United, he returned to Australia to coach a local Adelaide team. Here he became vice president of the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines. Perkins moved to Sydney in 1962 and in 1963 became captain and coach of the Pan Hellenic Club. to redress it. The tour was also a response to the criticism that Australians were quick to champion the work of Martin Luther King and the United States civil rights movement but slow to do anything to redress racism in Australia. In the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, African Americans led a program of protest and civil disobedience against racist policies that denied people their civil rights. In Australia, the activists of the Freedom Ride were concerned with: †¢ Aborigines’ appalling living and health conditions †¢ Aborigines being forced to live on reserves outside country towns †¢ local authorities denying Aborigines access to facilities like hotels, clubs and swimming pools †¢ the fact that Aborigines were not counted as citizens in their own land. The ? rst step in each town was to survey both indigenous and non-indigenous people to ? nd out about the living, education and health conditions of local Aborigines. If there was an issue of blatant discrimination, the Freedom Riders took action to publicise and hopefully overturn it. Perkins admired the efforts of the US civil rights activist Martin Luther King, and he encouraged SAFA members to read King’s ‘letter from Birmingham Gaol’. Source 10. 1. 1 Source 10. 1. 2 A young Charles Perkins receives a trophy as captain–coach of Adelaide Croatia football club, 1961. In 1963 he also began studies at Sydney University, where he was a founding member of Student Action for Aborigines (SAFA), later becoming president. On 12 February 1965, he and fellow student Jim Spigelman led about 28 others on a 14-day, 3200-kilometre bus tour of rural New South Wales that became known as the Freedom Ride. THE 1965 FREEDOM RIDE The tour targeted towns like Walgett, Moree and Kempsey, which had the reputation of being racist towards their Aboriginal inhabitants, and included some like Lismore that were supposed to have better records. The aim was to raise awareness of discrimination against Aboriginal people and to try Photograph showing the Freedom Riders with the bus that took them on their month-long campaign 44 RETROactive 2 CIVICS AND CITIZENSHIP FOCUS Perkins was particularly interested in King’s emphasis on ‘non-violent direct action’ and establishing ‘creative tension’ by dramatically highlighting examples of discrimination so that people could not continue to ignore them. Whereas the 1961 Freedom Rides in the United States had speci? cally focused on the desegregation of interstate transport, in Australia the focus was on the desegregation of leisure facilities in country towns and information-gathering on race relations in rural New South Wales. The ? st two stops were at Wellington and Gullargambone, where the Aboriginal people surveyed spoke of their need for housing and access to fresh water on the reserves. Racial discrimination was a major problem and not one that th e local indigenous people felt they could work with SAFA to ? ght. The bus moved on to Walgett. who had been murdered on a country road while campaigning in Alabama. They saw four or ? ve cars surrounding them and were relieved to ? nd that these were driven by local Aborigines who had come out to offer protection. The other trucks and cars disappeared. A journalist itnessed the incident and it became headline news in the Sydney Morning Herald, the Daily Mirror and the Australian. Mirror reporter Gerald Stone and his editor Zell Rabin highlighted the parallels between the racist attitudes and behaviour they observed from their work as journalists in the United States and the racist attitudes and behaviour in New South Wales. Moree The bus moved on to Moree and a new issue of discrimination — a 1955 council by-law prohibiting Aborigines and those with ‘a mixture of Aboriginal Walgett blood’ from using (except during school hours) the local artesian baths and swimming pool. Other In Walgett, the local RSL club refused entry to examples of racism in the town included the refusal Aborigines, including Aboriginal ex-servicemen who to allow Aboriginal patients to share hospital facilhad participated in World Wars I and II. They were ities with white patients and the insistence that occasionally allowed entry on Anzac Day. Perkins they be buried in a part of the local cemetery that led the Freedom Riders in forming a picket line was separate from the section for white people. outside the club (see source 10. 1. 3). They held up SAFA’s protest began with a demonstration outposters proclaiming ‘Aborigines also fought’, ‘Bullets side the council building. They then got families’ did not discriminate’ and ‘Good enough for Tobruk, permission to take eight children and try to gain why not Walgett RSL? ’ Perkins addressed the crowd entry to the pool. Charles Perkins got more children of onlookers to try and convince the RSL committee from the reserve. The manager refused to sell them members to change their policy. Members of the entry coupons, saying ‘darkies not allowed in’. A local Aboriginal community joined in. arge crowd gathered and after an hour the manThe Anglican minister evicted the students from ager, four police and the local mayor came up with their lodgings in the church hall because of people’s another answer: Aboriginal children were allowed hostility to their actions. A line of cars and trucks in as long as they were ‘clean’. The children went followed the bus out of Walgett. One of the trucks forced the bus off the road. The scene reminded the swimming and the Freedom Riders left Moree students of the three American student activists thinking that the ban had been overturned. The mayor and the pool anager re-imposed the ban. Three days later, about six children from the Source 10. 1. 3 Moree Reserve joined the Freedom Riders in another attempt to break the ban. They tried without success for over three hours. A crowd of about 500 angry locals, including a group from the pub across the road, shouted abuse, spat at them and threw tomatoes and rotten eggs at them and the bus. Perkins later said he feared for his life during this incident. The confrontation received huge press coverage and also television coverage from a BBC crew and a team from Channel Seven’s investigative program Seven Days. Many journalists made comparisons between the racist attitudes shown in Moree and those evident towards African Americans in A photograph of the picket line formed by the Freedom Riders outside the United States. Walgett RSL club in 1965 245 CHAPTER 10: PEOPLE POWER Finally, the police escorted the Freedom Riders out of Moree. The bus continued on to Lismore, Bowraville and Kempsey before returning to Sydney. Source 10. 1. 4 An extract from Gerald Stone’s newspaper account of the Freedom Riders’ experiences in Moree MOREE, Saturday. Mob violence exploded here today as student freedom riders were attacked by a crowd crazed with race hate. White women spat on girl students and screamed ? lthy words as the students tried to win Aboriginal children admission to the town baths. Several people were arrested and the town’s mayor, Alderman William Lloyd, pitched into the battle, grabbing students by the scruff of their necks and hurling them out of the way. Throughout the ? ghting a barrage of eggs and rotten fruit rained on the students. Mr Jim Spigelman, a 19-year-old student from Maroubra, was smacked to the ground while the 500-strong crowd roared its approval. Sunday Mirror, 21 February 1965. Lyall Munro, one of the Aboriginal children who swam in the Moree pool as part of the Freedom Ride protest, was later inspired by these events to become an activist himself. In March 2004, he was a spokesperson for the Aboriginal community at Redfern following the death of teenager T. J. Hickey. He spoke out against the overpolicing and police mistreatment of Aboriginal youth in the Redfern area. Source 10. 1. 6 Source 10. 1. 5 A photograph showing Charles Perkins being led away from the Moree pool in February 1965 after locals confronted the student demonstrators and violence broke out ONGOING EFFORTS The Freedom Riders had an impact on the local Aboriginal communities they met during the trip, and they did not want to abandon them when they returned to Sydney. In August 1965, SAFA campaigned with the Walgett branch of the Aborigines Progressive Association (APA) to end segregation at the Luxury Theatre and the Oasis Hotel. The APA continued and eventually won a long struggle to achieve this. Students kept up the visits to country towns, going to Bega, Dareton, Bowraville and Coonamble, where they publicised many instances of racism and pressured communities and authorities to change their ways. Photograph of Charles Perkins and local children in the Moree pool, 1965. Perkins’s simple act of swimming in the pool was a stand against racial discrimination. 246 RETROactive 2 CIVICS AND CITIZENSHIP FOCUS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHARLES PERKINS AND THE FREEDOM RIDE The Freedom Ride occurred at a time when Australians were beginning to see the injustice of obvious examples of racism like those evident in the segregation of facilities in many country towns. It generated discussion and debate throughout Australia about the plight of indigenous communities, and media coverage stimulated national and international pressure for reform. Through the Freedom Ride, Charles Perkins became a national ? gure and a role model for Aboriginal people throughout Australia. His Freedom Ride showed Aboriginal Australians that non-violent action could result in change. His organisation of protests and public debate demonstrated both his leadership skills and his willingness to take action to demand change — characteristics that continued throughout his life. The Freedom Ride became part of the campaign movement that resulted in the 1967 referendum (see page 190) giving citizenship to Aboriginal people — a result supported by 89 per cent of voters. The two events and Australia’s economic prosperity at the time stimulated expectations that governments would intervene to address problems of inequality. This process began in 1972 when the Whitlam government took of? ce (see page 272). In the late 1960s, student activism focused more on protest against Australia’s involvement in war in Vietnam. Charles Perkins continued throughout his life to campaign for Aboriginal rights. He protested against the reluctance of authorities to allow self-determination for Aboriginal Australians and against government failure to effectively address the inequalities in Aboriginal Australians’ access to education, health, housing, employment and the law. Charles Perkins died of kidney failure on 18 October 2000. He was granted a state funeral — an honour usually given only to those who have held signi? ant government of? ce. ABC television broadcast the funeral, and traf? c in George Street Sydney came to a temporary standstill as a crowd gathered outside Sydney Town Hall to watch on a large screen the funeral service taking place inside. Check your understanding 1. Write a paragraph of 10 to 15 lines to summarise the Freedom Ride. Use the ‘W’ questions (what, when, where, who, how and why) to guide the selection of your information. 2. What impact did the Freedom Ride have on different groups at the time? 3. What were the results of the Freedom Ride? Using sources 1. In what ways do source 10. 1. 1 and the description of his early sporting career indicate that Charles Perkins might have had special qualities? 2. Use source 10. 1. 2 to describe the participants in the Freedom Ride. 3. What message were the protesters in source 10. 1. 3 trying to convey through their placards outside Walgett RSL Club? 4. What does source 10. 1. 4 indicate about how people in Moree responded to SAFA’s campaign? 5. What captions could you create for source 10. 1. 5 to express: (a) its signi? cance to Charles Perkins (b) the attitudes of the pool’s manager? . What stage of the Freedom Ride protest at Moree does the photo in source 10. 1. 6 seem to be showing? What aspect of the protest does the photo not reveal? 7. Describe the scene in source 10. 1. 7, commenting on the diversity of faces among the mourners, the signi? cance of the occasion and what it indicates about public feeling and respect for Charles Perkins’s life and achievements. Researching and communicating 1. Use the Internet to review some of the obituaries written at the time of Charles Perkins’s death. Select from them what seem to be the most signi? ant features of his life and work. Use these as the basis of a brief biography of Perkins suitable for publication in a dictionary of biography. 2. What would you have done? Imagine yourself in 1965 as either a Sydney University student or a resident of one of the country towns that the Freedom bus visited. How would you have responded to SAFA and the Freedom Ride? Give reasons for your answer.

Religion and Violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religion and Violence - Research Paper Example Only intensive and concrete planning, prevention and interventions can help to reduce violence caused by religious extremism and misinterpretation of holy doctrines in adverse ways. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate religion and violence by examining the historicity of religious violence, the ways religions promote or oppose violence, and effective initiatives to support inter-religious harmony. There are four historical moments that reveal the origins of religious violence. The first is associated with the diffusion of world religions during the 4th to 7th centuries of the Christian era. Christianity became the dominant religion of Europe through displacement of the religions native to the continent, and through the officialization of the new religion in the Roman empire. While Christianity spread to Ethiopia in Africa and to South Asia, Hinduism spread to Indonesia, Buddhism to China, Korea and Japan from India. By the beginning of the 8th CE, Islam covered Spain and the Arab world, and went to Sind in the Indian subcontinent. â€Å"Much violence was involved in the transcontinental spread of the world religions†2. Although most of the pre-colonial spread of religion was associated with political conquest and physical violence, this was not always the rule. For example, violence did not characterize the spread of Hinduism. Christianity scarcely used violence in spre ading to South Asia. King Ashoka converted to Buddhism, unable to bear the carnage of the Kalinga war, and propagated the religion through peaceful means. The second historical moment was colonialism characterized by racial superiority and cultural conquest through the â€Å"civilizing mission†. This was in addition to political and economic domination, and was charged with religious violence. â€Å"The European missionaries did not even recognize the religions of the New World as religion†3, not even as human beings. Not only were the First Nations not allowed their cultural identity, they were physically liquidated. The people of Africa were considered as primitive, without history and without religion. Hence it was thought to be necessary to convert them to Christianity in large numbers. However, in the case of Islam, they put up a stiff resistance, resulting in violent conflicts between the two imported religions. Today, the leading religion of 50 percent of the Af rican states is Christianity, the other main religion being Islam, thereby relegating native religions to the background. In the Orient composed of the three great civilizations of China, India and Egypt, dominant religions prevailed, related to Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam respectively. Therefore, the scope of Christianizination of these regions through colonialism was limited. The third historical moment is that the European model of the nation-state has been endorsed by religious nationalists in most parts of the world, establishing political hegemony by the religious majority, and the cultural assimilation of the religious minorities into the â€Å"nation†. The diasporic Jewish community in Europe which was economically prosperous, were the object of European wrath through the holocaust4. The cold-war era which saw a rapid spread of the concept of the nation-state experienced great violence based on religion, by Christians. Homogenization that erases the cultural identity of peoples and nations is a violent process. The cold-war period which occurred for four decades, divided the world into three: the capitalist democracies of the world, the socialist one-party system of the second world, and the

Soot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soot - Essay Example The hydrocarbon fuel molecular constitution is associated with a six carbon atom types which might be obtained, for complex hydrocarbon mixtures, such as, transportation fuels, from the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (HNMR) measurements. Soot derived from ethanol, benzene, and acetylene have dissimilar reactivity and structural order. Soot is usually produced by combusting engines, flickering candle lights, and campfires. The process of soot formation is actually very challenging to comprehend and describe. However, with regard to the demand of for much lower particulate emissions an in depth understanding is absolutely necessary. Most types of combustion systems emit particles into the atmosphere that are a major hazard because of their toxicity to the human health, especially the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The smaller particles less 100nm in size are regarded as the most hazardous. This is because they can penetrate deep into the lungs. The proposed project aims to determine the theory of formation, structure of (via image analysis) and impact of soot, as well as assess the differences between optical and electron microscopy. Soot comprises of agglomerates with a diameter of up to several hundred nanometers. They are made of fine structures that comprise of spherical primary molecules. Soot formation commences with the pyrolysis of fuel molecules along the formation of polcyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Vander Wal & Tomasek, 2004). The most crucial precursor in the formation of higher hydrocarbons is acetylene (C2H2). Ladommatos and Balachndran (2011) assert that the molecular structure of various hydrocarbons influence soot formation. Gulder (2007) adds that the fuel structure also impact on the soot structure. Vander Wal and Tomasek (2004) showed that the soot particles that are generated by ethanol, benzene, and acetylene have different reactivity and structural order. Soot derived

Terrorism and Domestic Preparedness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Terrorism and Domestic Preparedness - Essay Example he bureaucratic structure of communication and management of security activities and details among the security agents in the federal, state and local jurisdictions. It is recommended that security policies which favor coordination and efficient communication among the security agencies are provided within the legal framework of the federation. This will ensure that standards are set for compliance of security agencies and provision of guidelines for effective communication and financial resources for training and security information technology. International terrorism is recognized as an ongoing and serious domestic and security threat. Basically, international threat is defined as terrorism that is practiced and sometimes planned in a foreign country by terrorists (individuals or groups) who are not native to that particular country. The definition mostly used by United States government is terrorism that involves the property or citizens of more one or more countries (Siniver, 2010). As noted for over the years, the threat of international terrorism is more serious in the United States of America than in any other country in the world. It is a widely agreed fact that the United States terrorism threat level has been substantial especially after the 9/11 attacks substantial, that is, there is a strong possibility of terrorist attacks. Siniver (2010) argues that international terrorism is considered a major United States’ domestic and foreign security threat because its target selection and timing by terrorists can significantly affect the interests of the United States in numerous areas such as trade, nuclear non- proliferation, Middle East peace process, and budgetary allocations among other economic, social, and political interests. It is against this background that the United States government through the Department of Homeland Security has made protection of the American people from terrorist threats as its highest priority. The department has put a

Economics of the UAE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics of the UAE - Research Paper Example According to the estimation made in July’2012, the total population of the nation stood at 5,314,317. The majority of the population belonging to the UAE has been viewed to be the Muslims, apart from other religious groupings such as Hindus and Sikhs. The currency of the country has been recognized to be Emirati Dirham and Arabic is regarded as its official language. Apart from Arabic language, the other languages that prevail in the UAE include English, Urdu, Persian and Hindi. Most importantly, the country emphasizes upon educating both men along with women and is making considerable investments in this particular sector. The UAE government is a federal one that is structured with specified legal powers (The Cultural Division of the Embassy of the United Arab Emirates, â€Å"UAE Facts in Brief†). The UAE possess an open sort of economy bearing a high ‘per capita income’ along with a large yearly trade surplus. The country has undergone a deep transformation from the region of arid desert to a modern state since the detection of oil in the country. With this detection, the living standards of people of the UAE had raised by a significant level. It has been viewed that the government of the UAE has enlarged its spending in two significant arenas that include infrastructure development and job creation with the intention of enhancing the economy of the country at large. The various decisive factors such as the worldwide financial crisis, deflated prices of the assets and the tight international credit contributed in constricting the economy of the UAE in the year 2009. The different industries that prevail in the UAE which comprise petrochemicals, transport, real estate, pharmaceuticals, cement, aluminum and ceramics among others considerably affect the economy of the country by a greater extent. With regard to assess the economic condition of the UAE, it has been observed

Marketing strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing strategy - Assignment Example This research is being carried out to evaluate and present some of the generic marketing strategies. Market dominance; this is the portion of the market served by the organization. It is healthier for a business entity to know the size of the market and the percentage it serves. This will enable them determine the quantity of production. Market dominance is grouped into four. These are; leader, challenger, follower and niche. To avoid serious impact, businesses should try to be the market leaders. This can be achieved through direct marketing, publicity and other promotional methods. Growth strategy; this is a strategy aimed at the area of operation, quality of operation and quantity of production. Businesses should spread out their branches over as large region as possible. This may take place in the following directions; horizontal (the operation is expanded geographically), vertical (improvement done on the quality of production and quantity of the produce), diversification and in tensification (changes made to include variety of other related commodities for example if previously organization was producing beverages it can incorporate refreshments). Innovation strategy; this strategy aids the invention of new products, new production methods, new markets and new branding. It enhances the sales of the products and results in average increase of sales. Businesses should always try to be the inventors of an idea; the pioneers and not the followers or the late followers. Pioneers are likely to dominate the market if their followers are not innovative enough to come up with a more advanced service or quantity. An example is the coca cola company who has remained the sole producers of refreshments in the larger East and Central Africa. They therefore dominate this market. They as the leader keep all the secrets of production to themselves. They have succeeded in operations through practices like branding of their commodities. Also the services like software servic es where companies like Microsoft were close followers but are now coming up steadily due to their innovative nature. Innovation strategy should cut across the technological changes and the business innovations and the inventions. Porter generic strategy; these are steps put forth to ensure that the organization gets deep into the market and has a proper and sustainable completion advantage. Organizations are able to achieve this through market segmentation; dividing market into portions of same need and which serviced in a similar way and cost leadership; making the prices of the commodities be fairly lower compared to that of the competitors. Product differentiation can be used make clear distinction between the vendors. Marketing warfare strategies; these deal with marketing and war, dictate what is to be done at such times. Product strategy document Product strategy is the procedure which an

Write short notes on four of the followings Essay

Write short notes on four of the followings - Essay Example This is because the psychological laboratories that were developed later on took the structure of Wundt’s laboratory. The experiments that Wundt conducted mainly were ground-breaking in nature since they were deviating from the conventional methods of studying psychology to new ways that were not focused on the sciences of nature or the philosophical point of view (Bembenutty 2007). Wundt engaged in experimental methods towards approaching psychological studies. He believed that the reality or the fundamentals of the changes that occurred in an organism relied on an interaction of the two essential processes, which combined to form a psychophysical reaction. The two include; the physiological process that depends on the body functions and the psychological process that depended on mental factors (Hochstetler 2007). Wundt was the initiator of the conception of the identification of occurrences in the mind in relation to external stimuli that could be measurable. In his view, the human mind needs to be considered as an action rather than an object (Harvey 2007). This view was focused on the perceptio n that psychology was not just a subject, but a complex one too that comprised a philosophical perspective in the manner that people perceive issues. In Wundt’s perspective, psychology that encompassed the physiology was understood as a study that was focused on the processes of reactions that originated from exposure of the sensory cells to stimuli, leading to the motivation of the brain and then the muscles of the body leading to a particular behavior in reaction to the stimuli (Bembenutty 2007). This process was paralleled by the contemplation of an individual’s thoughts which defined the events of the mental activities in life. This contemplation was what Wundt based psychological experimentations. In other words, introspection was fundamental to the success of the works of Wundt (Shana

Fractional Distillations Essay Example for Free

Fractional Distillations Essay In this experiment we aim to demonstrate that we can separate two volatile compounds from a mixture due to the different chemical properties of each compound. We will accomplish this by a separation procedure known as distillation, which relies on each compound having a distinct and separate boiling point. Our pure products will be analyzed with gas chromatography to determine the success of the distillation. Procedures The experiment was performed as stated in the course textbook: Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M., Kriz, G. S., Engel, R. G. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Microscale Approach. 2007, 4th Ed. Pp 51—57. . Data The distillation curves for our simple and fractional distillation (See page 3) clearly demonstrate that fractional distillation separates the two compounds more completely. The boiling point (bp) of our unknown compounds was taken from the flat regions of the fractional distillation curve. Our unknown mixture contained hexane (bp 69  ºC) and toluene (bp 110.6  ºC). Analysis via gas chromatography allowed us to determine the relative percentage of hexane and toluene at fractions near the beginning and end of our distillations. Relative percentages have been recorded in the table below, and our calculations are shown on page 5. Conclusion This week we utilized two methods of distillation (simple and fractional) to separate a mixture of two volatile compounds. We found that while the simple distillation separated the majority of the two compounds near the beginning and the end of the distilling process, fractional distillation produced much more pure fractions. In simple distillation the column was shorter, allowing less room for the two different compounds to fully separate. While heating the round-bottom flask the hexane molecules gain higher kinetic energy faster than the toluene molecules due to their lower molecular weight and lesser intermolecular forces. The longer fractional  distillation column allowed the hexane molecules with higher kinetic energy to separate from the lower-energy toluene molecules. After viewing the gas chromatograph data from the fractional distillation we saw that our unknown compounds had almost completely separated, while the fractions from the simple distillation were less pure. Although distillation is a good separation technique it is still necessary to ensure that proper steps are taken to reduce the chances of error. Failure to add a boiling chip to the round-bottom flask could allow the mixture to heat unevenly. This could allow molecules with a higher boiling point to gain kinetic energy before the molecules with the lower boiling point, which would create impure fractions. Watching the rate of temperature increase is also important. Allowing the temperature to increase too quickly can cause impurity for the same reason. We forgot to add the boiling chip to the round-bottom flask in the simple distillation, which could have contributed to the mixture of toluene and hexane that we saw. We made sure to include the boiling chip in the fractional distillation, however, and did not observe any problems. Even though both hexane and toluene are volatile, they have different chemical properties to allow for separation and analysis. Hexane is a hydrocarbon with no dipole moment or double bonds. This means that it has few intermolecular interactions, and will have a lower boiling point. It also has a lower molecular weight than toluene, so it will appear first on the gas chromatograph. Toluene has a benzene ring with a methyl group attached. Toluene has greater intermolecular forces than hexane because the benzene ring withdraws electrons from the methyl group. This creates a slight polarity to the molecule that increases intermolecular forces and increases the boiling point. Since toluene has a greater molecular weight than hexane it will appear second on the gas chromatograph. This experiment illustrates how useful the different properties of compounds can be while trying to purify mixtures of compounds.

Arduino-Based Temperature Automated Curtain Railing System

Arduino-Based Temperature Automated Curtain Railing System CHAPTER 5 THE SOLUTION 5.1Â  Overview The goal of Arduino-Based Temperature Automated Curtain Railing System is to ease the daily operation of residential curtains by automating the curtains where the curtains doesnt require human effort and operates by using electric powered motors. Based on the implementation methods discussed in the previous chapter, the proposed solution to achieve the goal and objectives is thoroughly explained and evaluated in this chapter. Arduino-Based Temperature Automated Curtain Railing System has two methods of application. A temperature module sensor is integrated into the system to read and send temperature data which then the systems evaluates and decides in closing and opening the curtains. Also, a Bluetooth module is added to give the system the capability to be connected and controlled by users through a smart phone. For this application, an existing Android app is used to establish the connection between the smartphone and the Arduino microcontroller. The prime language used in this sy stem is C++. 5.2Â  Arduino Microcontroller #include #define btRX 3 // BT RX pin #define btTX 4 // BT TX pin #define ledClose 9 // Close indicator LED #define ledOpen 10 // Open indicator LED #define swClose 11 // Curtain Close limit switch input #define swOpen 12 // Curtain Open limit switch input #define ledOn 13 // Power ON and RECV indicator LED #define LM35pin A0 // LM35 temp pin #define motRev A5 // Motor Reverse control pin #define motFor A4 // Motor Forward control pin Figure 5.1: Declaring the pins The microcontroller pins are first declared. Each module is assigned to a pin. The declared value is used later on throughout the code instead of the pins. 5.3Â  Initializing System Components void measTemp() { reading = analogRead(LM35pin); // Read sensor tempC = reading / 9.31; // Convert to Celcius delay(100); } Figure 5.2: Initialize LM35 Temperature sensor System reads the value produced from the LM35 pin. The value produced by the sensor is in voltage metric and is converted to Celsius. The parameter delay is set to 0.1 seconds. measTemp(); // Take a temperature reading if (HC05.available()>0) { char inByte = HC05.read(); delay(100); Figure 5.3: Initialize HC-05 Bluetooth module Bluetooth module reads the temperature data from temperature sensor and sends the data to any smartphone device connected through Bluetooth. The parameter delay is set to 0.1 seconds. void blinkLED() { digitalWrite(ledOn, LOW); delay(50); digitalWrite(ledOn, HIGH); delay(50); } Figure 5.4: Initialize LED indicator LED is set to blink by turning on and off for 0.05 second intervals. This is used later on as to indicate the system is running. 5.3Â  Curtain Initializing Functions void chkStatus() { openStat = digitalRead(swOpen); closeStat = digitalRead(swClose); if (openStat == HIGH closeStat == LOW) // Curtain is open { digitalWrite(ledOpen, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledClose, LOW); HC05.println(Curtain OPEN); } else if (openStat == LOW closeStat == HIGH) // Curtain is closed { digitalWrite(ledOpen, LOW); digitalWrite(ledClose, HIGH); HC05.println(Curtain CLOSED); } else if (openStat == LOW closeStat == LOW) // Curtain state not known { // so close it first HC05.println(Initialise..); delay(500); HC05.println(Waiting to CLOSE); //displays this while curtain closing { blinkLED(); closeStat = digitalRead(swClose); digitalWrite(motRev, HIGH); digitalWrite(motFor, LOW); }while (closeStat == LOW); //Wait until Close Sw = HIGH digitalWrite(motRev, LOW); digitalWrite(ledOpen, LOW); digitalWrite(ledClose, HIGH); HC05.println(Curtain CLOSED); } Figure 5.5: Function to initialize the curtain The curtain functions are presented above. The function detects if the open switch is engaged and the close switch is not. If its true, then red LED is switched on indicating the curtain is open and Curtain OPEN character is sent to the Bluetooth module which later sends to any connected smartphone. Else if, the yellow LED is switched on indicating curtain is closed and Curtain CLOSE character is displayed on smartphone. Else if the function is unable to read the switch or if the curtain state is unknown, the curtain is closed first by default and only then system begins its function. Waiting to CLOSE is displayed while curtain is closing. 5.4Â  AUTO/MANUAL Mode Selection case 3: // Select Manual Mode on smartphone HC05.println(Manual ON); autoStat = 0; break; Figure 5.8: MANUAL mode selection The code above switches the default auto mode to manual, giving access to Bluetooth module to receive and send command from connected smartphones. Manual ON is displayed in smartphone indicating that manual mode has been enabled and ready. The case switch statement here is set as case 3. case 4: // Select Auto mode on smartphone HC05.println(Auto ON); autoStat = 1; break; Figure 5.9: AUTO mode selection The code in Figure 5.6 switches from manual mode to auto, enabling the temperature module to control the whole system automatically based on temperature.Auto ON is displayed in smartphone indicating that auto mode has been enabled and live. The user has no control on the system in this mode, unless select manual mode. The case switch statement here is set as case 4. 5.4Â  Bluetooth Initializing Functions (MANUAL MODE) switch (inByte) { case 1: // Open Curtain MANUAL MODE HC05.println(Waiting to OPEN); do { blinkLED(); openStat = digitalRead(swOpen); digitalWrite(motFor, HIGH); digitalWrite(motRev, LOW); }while (openStat == LOW); digitalWrite(motFor, LOW); digitalWrite(ledOpen, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledClose, LOW); HC05.println(Curtain OPEN); break; Figure 5.6: OPEN Curtain Bluetooth Command The code on top shows the OPEN curtain function through Bluetooth connection. The code also enables the Bluetooth module to send curtain status in real time. Once curtain is fully open, the red LED is switched indicating the curtain is fully open. The green LED blinks, indicating the motor is running and executing. Curtain OPEN is displayed on smartphone screen when the curtain has successfully completed the open process. The function above is declared as a case switch statement giving it case 1. The Android application installed in the smartphone recognizes the case 1 function when the command setting for a specific button is set to 1. case 2: // Close Curtain MANUAL MODE HC05.println(Waiting to CLOSE); do { blinkLED(); closeStat = digitalRead(swClose); digitalWrite(motRev, HIGH); digitalWrite(motFor, LOW); }while (closeStat == LOW); //Wait until Close Sw = HIGH digitalWrite(motRev, LOW); digitalWrite(ledOpen, LOW); digitalWrite(ledClose, HIGH); HC05.println(Curtain CLOSED); break; Figure 5.7: CLOSE Curtain Bluetooth Command The code on top shows the CLOSE curtain function. Yellow LED is turned on when the curtain is fully closed. As the curtain closes fully, Curtain CLOSED is displayed on smartphone screen. The case switch statement here is set as case 2. 5.4Â  Temperature Sensor Initializing Function (AUTO MODE) else if (autoStat == 1 tempC > 32 openStat == HIGH openClose == 1) // Temperature exceeds 32 { measTemp(); HC05.println(tempC,1); // Send Temperature data //HC05.println(Waiting to CLOSE); //displays this when curtain closing do { blinkLED(); closeStat = digitalRead(swClose); digitalWrite(motRev, HIGH); digitalWrite(motFor, LOW); }while (closeStat == LOW); // Wait until Close Sw = HIGH digitalWrite(motRev, LOW); digitalWrite(ledOpen, LOW); digitalWrite(ledClose, HIGH); HC05.println(Auto CLOSED); // display when curtain closed openClose = 0; } Figure 5.10: Curtain CLOSE when temperature high The above code initializes the curtain to close when the temperature exceeds 32-degree Celsius in automatic mode. When temperature exceeds the fixed value, the temperature data is sent to Bluetooth module and is displayed to connected smartphone. While closing, the LED is set to blink indicating the system is running and Waiting to CLOSE is displayed on smartphone. When the curtain is fully closed and the close switch is engaged, AUTO CLOSED is displayed on smartphone. else if (autoStat == 1 tempC { measTemp(); HC05.println(tempC,1); // Send Temp data //HC05.println(Waiting to OPEN); //displays this when curtain opening do { blinkLED(); openStat = digitalRead(swOpen); digitalWrite(motFor, HIGH); digitalWrite(motRev, LOW); }while (openStat == LOW); // Wait until Open Sw = HIGH (Open switch click) digitalWrite(motFor, LOW); digitalWrite(ledOpen, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledClose, LOW); HC05.println(Auto OPEN); //displays this when curtain fully opened openClose = 1; } Figure 5.11: Curtain OPEN when temperature low (AUTO) The above code initializes the curtain to open when the temperature goes below 32-degree Celsius in automatic mode. When temperature goes below the fixed value, the temperature data is sent to Bluetooth module and is displayed to connected smartphone. While opening, the LED is set to blink indicating the system is running and Waiting to OPEN is displayed on smartphone. When the curtain is fully opened and the open switch is engaged, AUTO OPEN is displayed on smartphone.

Comparing The Prince and Measure for Measure Essay -- comparison compa

Parallels Between The Prince and Measure for Measure      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The parallels between Machiavelli's Prince and Shakespeare's Measure for Measure are significant.   The great majority of characters in Measure for Measure - the Duke, Angelo, Claudio, Pompey and even Isabella - display Machiavellian qualities. A comparison of key passages, both of The Prince and Measure for Measure, will establish this clearly.    A study of kingship, arguably the entire premise for Measure for Measure, is immediately introduced in the first scene, with the Duke's declaration "Of government the properties to unfold/ Would seem in me t'affect speech and discourse." It is not until the third scene of act one, however, that this political discussion becomes specific and, ultimately, linked to the Machiavellian notion of statecraft. In this scene, which details the exchange between Vincentio and the Friar, we learn the reasons for the former's deputising of Angelo. Both of the Duke's significant dialogues - I.iii.20-33 and I.iii.36-55 - reveal that, for the last fourteeen years, the "strict statutes and most biting laws" (I.iii.20) punishing pre-marital intercourse have slipped into disuse. Although this scene is by no means extensive, it furnishes the reader with much food for thought.    Vincentio's Machiavellianism, as manifest in the above scene, is centred upon three main elements - his previous laxity, his present need to deflect responsibility and his use of Angelo as an instrument in effecting the enforcement of this "most biting law." Upon closer inspection, both of Measure for Measure and The Prince, we discern that the neglect apparent in the Duke's initial non-enforcement of the law may not really be neglect at all, but rathe... ...ouples) is profoundly Machiavellian. Not only does Vincentio conceal his knowledge of Claudio's safety from Isabella, he uses it in an impressive display of stagecraft, specifically designed to evoke a sort of mystical awe in all onlookers (including Isabella, who he later asks to marry him). The Duke has clearly enhanced his reputation by the "spectacular deeds" Machiavelli writes of in his Prince, "[finding] a way for punishing or rewarding[...] that is sure to be much talked about."    BIBLIOGRAPHY Shakespeare, William: Measure for Measure, ed. Brian Gibbons, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Machiavelli, Niccolà ²: The Prince in Machiavelli: The Chief Works and Others, vol. 1, trans. Allan Gilbert, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1989 Machiavelli, Niccolà ²: The Prince, trans. George Bull, London: Penguin, 1995.      

The Besieged Lieutenant in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

In William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello, the audience finds a victim who is beset by Iago more than once, but who recovers in both cases – Cassio. He is the sole survivor among the main characters. In his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, A. C. Bradley rejects the ancient’s accusation that Cassio is an inexperienced soldier: That Cassio, again, was an interloper and a mere closet-student without experience of war is incredible, considering first that Othello chose him for lieutenant, and secondly that the Senate appointed him to succeed Othello in command at Cyprus; and we have direct evidence that part of Iago’s statement is a lie, for Desdemona happens to mention that Cassio was a man who ‘all his time’ had ‘founded his good fortunes’ on Othello’s love and had ‘shared dangers’ with him (III.iv.93). (199) Cassio makes his first appearance in the play in Act 1 Scene 2, when he is conducting the official business of the duke of Venice, namely the request of the â€Å"haste-post-haste appearance / Even on the instant† of the general because of the Ottoman threat on Cyprus. Brabantio’s mob briefly delays matters, and then Cassio disappears from the stage until Act 2. He disembarks in Cyprus and graciously announces: â€Å"Thanks, you the valiant of this warlike isle, / That so approve the Moor!† After chatting with Montano and other gentlemen of the isle, he welcomes Desdemona, â€Å"our great captain’s captain,† ashore: â€Å"The riches of the ship is come on shore! / Ye men of Cyprus, let her have your knees!† Observing how Iago, in his negative remarks about women, grates on Desdemona, Cassio gives her some sound advice for enduring the banter of the ancient: â€Å"He speaks home, madam. You may relish him more in the so... ...of the play. However, we have a number of brief revelations of his personality that mark him distinctly – in his genuine anxiety for Othello’s safety, in his abstaining from taking part in the bold and suggestive comments of Iago to the two women as they wait for Othello’s ship and, a little later, in his sincere regret about the loss of his reputation after he has partaken of the wine which Iago has forced upon him. (85-86) WORKS CITED Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980. Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin, 1991. Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. The Besieged Lieutenant in Othello Essay -- Othello essays In William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello, the audience finds a victim who is beset by Iago more than once, but who recovers in both cases – Cassio. He is the sole survivor among the main characters. In his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, A. C. Bradley rejects the ancient’s accusation that Cassio is an inexperienced soldier: That Cassio, again, was an interloper and a mere closet-student without experience of war is incredible, considering first that Othello chose him for lieutenant, and secondly that the Senate appointed him to succeed Othello in command at Cyprus; and we have direct evidence that part of Iago’s statement is a lie, for Desdemona happens to mention that Cassio was a man who ‘all his time’ had ‘founded his good fortunes’ on Othello’s love and had ‘shared dangers’ with him (III.iv.93). (199) Cassio makes his first appearance in the play in Act 1 Scene 2, when he is conducting the official business of the duke of Venice, namely the request of the â€Å"haste-post-haste appearance / Even on the instant† of the general because of the Ottoman threat on Cyprus. Brabantio’s mob briefly delays matters, and then Cassio disappears from the stage until Act 2. He disembarks in Cyprus and graciously announces: â€Å"Thanks, you the valiant of this warlike isle, / That so approve the Moor!† After chatting with Montano and other gentlemen of the isle, he welcomes Desdemona, â€Å"our great captain’s captain,† ashore: â€Å"The riches of the ship is come on shore! / Ye men of Cyprus, let her have your knees!† Observing how Iago, in his negative remarks about women, grates on Desdemona, Cassio gives her some sound advice for enduring the banter of the ancient: â€Å"He speaks home, madam. You may relish him more in the so... ...of the play. However, we have a number of brief revelations of his personality that mark him distinctly – in his genuine anxiety for Othello’s safety, in his abstaining from taking part in the bold and suggestive comments of Iago to the two women as they wait for Othello’s ship and, a little later, in his sincere regret about the loss of his reputation after he has partaken of the wine which Iago has forced upon him. (85-86) WORKS CITED Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980. Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin, 1991. Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Apollinarius and His Teachings Essay -- Religion History

Apollinarianism is the heresy, which denied the completeness of Christ’s humanity named after Apollinarius of Laodicea born circa 312 –315 who became a bishop of Laodicea in 360. Originally, a supporter of orthodoxy against the Arians, his Christological teaching becomes a heresy among scholars, at a synod in Rome in 374-80 and by the Council of Constantinople in 381. The Christology of Apollinarius is summarised as, one hypostasis, one physis, one prosopon and one energia (activity). The intention of this essay is to examine the background of Apollinarius and his teachings. It will also look at his main opponents Gregory of Nazianzus and Gregory of Nyssa. Background: Apollinarius of Laodicea is the last of the great extraordinary thinkers of his time influenced by Hellenic position. Apollinarius was a man of great learning influenced by his father a grammarian also called Apollinarius. His father left his hometown and settled at Berytus as a schoolmaster, and later had moved to Laodicea. Apollinarius formed friendships with influential figures in early church society such as Epiphanius. If Apollinarius was not born in the faith then he had been a Christian for many years. He was then ordained priest at Laodicea. He was familiar with classical literature and wanted his son Apollinarius born between 312 and 315 to have a good education. Not much is known about the life of his son Apollinarius of Laodicea he was enthusiastic to the formulation of the Nicene faith and was left to develop his theological theories, during his life time he made many works which have now perished. The works, which are available to us, are heretical and are just a small proportion of his entire works. Later this city became his Episcopal ... ...t recurring argument against his Christology. â€Å"It was man’s rational soul, with its power of choice, which was the seat of sin†; if the word is un-united with a human rational soul then the salvation of mankind is not achieved. Works Cited Dà ¼nzl Franz, A Brief History of the Doctrine of the Trinity in the Early Church, 2007, London. Grillmeier Aloys, Christ in Christian Tradition, Volume 2, Part one, 1987, Oxford. Grillmeier Aloys, Christ in Christian Tradition, Volume 2, Part two, 1987, Oxford. Kelly J. N. D., Early Christian Doctrines, 2008, London. Raven Charles E., Apollinarianism, 1923, Cambridge. Sellers R. V., Two Ancient Christologies, 1940, London Stevenson J., Creeds, Councils and Controversies, 1989, London. Norris R. A. Jr., The Christological Controversy, 1980, Oxford. Addis & Arnold, Catholic Dictionary, 1951, London.

Prom Nights from Hell Chapter Eleven

Eighteen minutes later, deputy Sergeant Caleb Reynolds stood outside the door of the director's office, watching them through a crack. It had taken him slightly longer than expected to get everything in place, but he felt good, confident, about how it was all going to play out. Especially now seeing the two girls in the Bee's Roller Derby outfits, tight little skirts and tops, even had the wigs and masks on. They were identical except one of them was in blue, the other in white. Like little dolls, yeah, he liked to think of them that way. His little dolls. Expensive dolls. The blue doll saying, â€Å"Are you sure the fact that you want to kiss him isn't getting in the way of your judgment, Miranda?† And the white doll saying, â€Å"Who says I want to kiss him? You're the Kissing Bandit.† â€Å"Who says I want to kiss him?† the blue doll mimicked. â€Å"Please. You should really learn to have some fun. Live in the mo.† â€Å"Maybe I will as soon as I get rid of you, Sibby.† The blue doll stuck out her tongue, almost making him laugh. They were cute together, these two. Blue doll said, â€Å"I'm serious. How do you know we can trust him?† â€Å"He has his own agenda,† the white doll explained, â€Å"and it works with ours.† Then he really did have to stifle a laugh. She had no idea how correct she was. About that first part. And how wrong about the second. He pushed the door open and saw them both turn to him with you-are-my-hero expressions in their eyes. â€Å"Are you ready, Miss Cumean?† Blue doll nodded. His little white doll saying now, â€Å"Take good care of her. You know how important she is.† â€Å"I will. I'll get her settled and come back for the second part of the operation. Don't open the door for anyone but me.† â€Å"Right.† He was back less than a minute later. â€Å"Was everything okay? Is Sibby safe?† â€Å"It went perfectly. My men were exactly in position. It could not have gone smoother.† â€Å"Okay, so how long do we wait before I run out?† He walked toward her, backing her against the wall. He said, â€Å"There's been a change of plans.† â€Å"What, you've added a part where you kiss me? Before the part where I pretend to be Sibby and lead the guards into the SWAT-team trap?† He liked the way she smiled when she said it. He reached up to caress her cheek and said, â€Å"Not exactly, Miranda.† His hands slid from her face to her neck. â€Å"What are you tal-† Before she could finish, she was pressed against the wall, hanging a foot above the ground, his hands around her throat. He tightened them slightly as he said, â€Å"It's just you and me now. I know all about you. Who you are. What you can do.† â€Å"Really?† she choked out. â€Å"Yes, really. Princess!† He saw her eyes get wide and felt her swallow hard. â€Å"I knew that would get your attention.† â€Å"I don't know what you're talking about.† â€Å"I know about the bounty on your head. Miranda Kiss wanted, alive or dead. My original plan had been to leave you alive for a while, bring you in after a few weeks, but unfortunately you just had to interfere. Should have minded your own business instead of mine, Princess. Now I can't run the risk of your getting in the way.† â€Å"You mean in the way of what you're doing with Sibby? So you were the one who wanted the money. You betrayed those others and made them think you were part of their cause, just like you betrayed us.† â€Å"Such a smart girl.† â€Å"You kill me, kidnap her, and collect money? Is that it?† â€Å"Yep. Just like Monopoly, Princess. Pass go, collect two hundred dollars. Only in this case it's more like fifty million. For the girl.† â€Å"Wow.† She looked genuinely impressed. â€Å"And how much do you get for me?† â€Å"Dead? Five million. You're worth more alive; apparently some people think you're some teen Wonder Woman, have superpowers. But I can't take the chance.† â€Å"You already said that,† she rasped. â€Å"What, are you bored, Miranda?† He tightened his grip a little. â€Å"Sorry this wasn't more of a storybook ending,† he said, smiling at her, holding her eyes with his own as he choked her. He could tell she was struggling to breathe now. â€Å"If you're going to kill me, can't you just get on with it? This is kind of uncomfortable.† â€Å"What, my hands? Or the feeling that you're a failure-â€Å" â€Å"I'm not a failure.† † – again.† She spit in his face. â€Å"Still got some fire. I really admire that about you. I think you and I could have gotten along nicely. Unfortunately, there just isn't time.† She gave one last fight, clawing at him with all her remaining strength. It was inspiring how hard she worked. Finally her little fists fell hopelessly to her sides. He leaned in close to her face. â€Å"Any last words?† â€Å"Three: Listerine breath strips. You really need them.† He laughed, then tightened the hands around her neck until they overlapped. â€Å"Good-bye.† For a second, his eyes burned into hers. Then there was a sharp crack and something heavy came down on his head from behind. He staggered forward, his hands letting go of the girl as he fell to the ground unconscious. He never knew what hit him, the blue doll thought, still gripping the clock she'd used to knock him out. Or who.

The Types of Tourism in Belarus

When speaking about tourism potential of Belarus, it’s important to mention that it is mainly based on natural diversity and beauty and unique historic and cultural heritage including thousands of tourism objects of historic, cultural and architectural value, memorable places connected with the names of world’s outstanding historical and cultural figures. Cultural tourism (or culture tourism) is the subset of tourism concerned with a country or region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those peoples, their art, architecture, religion(s), and other elements that helped shape their way of life. On the territory of Belarus there is a number of ancient towns such as Polotsk, Novogrudok, Turov, Grodno, Nesvizh and many others. In many towns there are numerous temples and monasteries, palaces, castles and other monuments of architectural, historic and cultural value. Four architectural monuments that situated on the territory of the Republic of Belarus are included in the List of UNESCO World Heritage: Castle complex †Mirâ€Å" situated in the village of Mir (Grodno region), architectural and cultural complex of the Radzivilles at the town of Nesvizh (Minsk region), Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Brest region), the Struve Geodetic Arc (a chain of survey triangulations stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, through ten countries and over 2,820 km). Nowadays the most popular excursions are connected with cultural, ethnographic and historic heritage of Belarus, such as â€Å"Budslav-Glubokoe-Mosar†, â€Å"Dudutki†, â€Å"The world of small towns† (Ivenez-Rakov). Rehabilitation tourism (also called medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare) is a term initially coined by travel agencies and the mass media to describe the rapidly-growing practice of traveling to obtain health care. From the almost forgotten folktales and ancient legends the deep-rooted belief in the healing power of nature is becoming stronger and stronger in us, the children of the hi-tech age. And this belief isn’t so naive. Belarus actually possesses a variety of resources for the development of therapeutical and rehabilitation tourism. The fund of healing resources including a complex of climatic factors alongside with mineral water springs and medicinal peloids facilitates the treatment of quite a range of diseases. In Belarus the background for developing this type of tourism is rather rich. There are many mineral water resources, therapeutic peloids, speleo, climatic and phytotherapeutic resources. This potential is used by various sanatorium-and-spa institutions on the territory of Belarus. There are more than 300 sanatorium-and-spa institutions including sanatoria, recreation centers, vacation houses, rehabilitation centers for children. The most popular sanatoria are â€Å"Naroch†, â€Å"Radon†, â€Å"Belaya Rus†, â€Å"Ozerny†. Recreation centers of republic importance are â€Å"Vileika†(the largest in Belarus), â€Å"Berezino†, â€Å"Stolbzy†, â€Å"Ivenez†. You can try the more active way of restoring your energy and fitness, unless the quiet sanatorium surrouding suits your rhythm of life. There are several tourist centers that serve the aim of health resumption. They are  «Narochanka »,  «Vysoky bereg »,  «Braslavskie ozyora »,  «Lesnoye ozero »,  «Beloye ozero »,  «Losvido »,  «Orta »,  «Sozh »,  «Nieman ». Belarus has all the facilities for those who is used to the active way of life and is fond of being challenged by hiking, cycling, horse and water travelling so you can choose what suits you more for having a good time and rest. Belarus has a gentle nature, virgin woods and calm, blue eyes of the lakes and endless fields stretching as far as eye can follow. Water tourism is becoming the most enjoyed one in Belarus, the country with more than 20 thousand rivers and 10 thousand lakes. Lakes Naroch, Svityaz and Braslav Lakes, the rivers Narochanka, Villia, Ysloch, Nieman, Shchara, Prypiats, Berezina are extremely popular waterways among the tourists. There great prospects for the water tourism will become available due to the launching of the project on the water canals of XVIII-XIX cent. restoration. They are Avgustovsky, Ogynsky canals of the Berezina water system. What is more the Dnieper-and-Bug canal will be facilitated with tourism infrastrucrure. And for this restoration the ancient waterways of polish kings and the legendary way â€Å"from Varagian to Greek† will come to life. The abundance of easy waterways will acquaint you with a range of main sights of the country let alone bring you a delight of rafting. There are the east to west and north to south itineraries. Another favourite itinerary that enjoys the popularity is a hike to the special nature reserve â€Å"Golubye ozyora† (Blue lakes). The scenery of the two sapphires of the lakes Gloublya and Gloubelka that unfolds magnificently when you stand on the observation ground makes you stop and stare. Belarusian roads invite everyone to have amusing bike rides. This means of transport makes you feel free and careless, feel the touch with nature not breaking its fragile balance. Besides the bike-routes within the country there are some from Germany and Poland to Russia and the countries of the Baltic Sea.