An Essay for No Reason

An Essay for No Reason An Essay for No Reason Money Matters Name: Class: Due Date: $ Money Matters Assignment $ Main Objective: By the end of this assignment I will be able to understand how economic decisions impact on people, communities and nations. How can I achieve my objective: 1. By identifying and describing economic decisions. 2. By identifying and describing the impact of economic decisions 3. By developing an understanding about the consequences of trade for producers and consumers. Context- The fashion industry Where do my clothes come from? * You are to choose 1 item from your favourite outfit and investigate its supply chain. The Supply Chain means starting with unprocessed raw materials and ending with the final customer using the finished goods, the supply chain links all producers, companies, manufacturers and customers together. * Work through this booklet and collect information to answer the main questions at the top of the pages. * All answers have to be in your own words. You will be able to achieve your objective! How to gather information * This will be an interesting assignment but it will be one that needs you to seek out relevant information. It won’t be there for you to pick up easily and so you will need to modify your searches and perhaps get in contact with companies! * Go to the library and look for general books on fashion. * Keep a look out for articles in magazines and in newspapers * Key websites: * Wikipedia gives a great overview of the company from where your garment was purchased. From there you can get further details. Do they have other companies? If they do you can search them? * You could then search the company itself- you are looking for its headquarters and if possible where there other production places are. * On the company page- they normally have a contact us or an about us section. This can be useful. * You tube might also have clips for you. Other suggestions – knowmore.org/ bbc.co.uk/thread/ bbc.co.uk/northernireland/forteachers/ethical_fashion/citizenship/what_is_ethical_fashion.shtml justgroup.com.au/asp/ethical.asp - This is the just jeans company supre.com.au/Help-FAQ.aspx How to present the information * You can use this booklet, create a power point or use a google site. * I want you to use illustrations, maps, opinions of people involved in the industry etc Discovery Box One: Insert a picture of your garments. Where did you purchase your garments and how much were they? * Discovery Box 2:- Details about the company that made your garments (location,employees and how much they get paid,where production takes place, any issues that have happened or if they have a policy on their clothing manufacture) * Discovery Box 3:- Details about the labels in your garments. What is the product made of and where is it manufactured? * Discovery Box 4:- Details about the country that has made your garments. What are the laws regarding employment there? What is the minimum wage in that country? Have there been any employment issues there? * Discovery Box 5:- How important is fashion to us? * Discovery Box 6:- Ethical fashion- what is

Free Essays on The Resurgence Of Mid-Latitude Attitudes

â€Å"The Resurgence of Mid-Latitude Attitudes† A Critical Look at Neo-Liberalism and The Opposition to Contemporary Colonialism in Latin America Executive Summary: During the colonial period of Latin America there was a reliance on the economic prosperity of the settlements in the Caribbean and South America by countries of Europe. These areas relied upon exportation of the vast resources found and cultivated. Prior to the 17th century, each country had its own colonies and benefited from its holdings. An economist named Adam Smith argued for the idea of liberalism. This ideology would break down trade barriers between the countries and allow free trade among the colonies. Periods of economic prosperity would follow for the European nations until independence swept through Latin America leaving poor exploited third world countries. Exportation of the valuable resources found there would continue, maintaining dependency on the global market. Since then there have been many improvements in economic diversification and industrialization. Brazil and Mexico have nearly broken away from their dependency on export wealth, but the majority of the cou ntries are still vastly dependent on primary product export income. These countries are very susceptible to global economic externalities, thus leaving them limited power in the control of export technicalities. Additionally, primary focus on exports leaves local ecosystems and environments without sustainability. These problems are the result of the capitalistic interim logic of relative benefit. A new proposal of integrating the Latin American countries into the â€Å"global village† has been at the forefront of Latin American Development. This has been defined as neo-liberalism. This type of ideology is the opponent of sustainable development. The negative environmental impacts are not being intervened because of wealth interests. Also, global economy impedes state governments fro... Free Essays on The Resurgence Of Mid-Latitude Attitudes Free Essays on The Resurgence Of Mid-Latitude Attitudes â€Å"The Resurgence of Mid-Latitude Attitudes† A Critical Look at Neo-Liberalism and The Opposition to Contemporary Colonialism in Latin America Executive Summary: During the colonial period of Latin America there was a reliance on the economic prosperity of the settlements in the Caribbean and South America by countries of Europe. These areas relied upon exportation of the vast resources found and cultivated. Prior to the 17th century, each country had its own colonies and benefited from its holdings. An economist named Adam Smith argued for the idea of liberalism. This ideology would break down trade barriers between the countries and allow free trade among the colonies. Periods of economic prosperity would follow for the European nations until independence swept through Latin America leaving poor exploited third world countries. Exportation of the valuable resources found there would continue, maintaining dependency on the global market. Since then there have been many improvements in economic diversification and industrialization. Brazil and Mexico have nearly broken away from their dependency on export wealth, but the majority of the cou ntries are still vastly dependent on primary product export income. These countries are very susceptible to global economic externalities, thus leaving them limited power in the control of export technicalities. Additionally, primary focus on exports leaves local ecosystems and environments without sustainability. These problems are the result of the capitalistic interim logic of relative benefit. A new proposal of integrating the Latin American countries into the â€Å"global village† has been at the forefront of Latin American Development. This has been defined as neo-liberalism. This type of ideology is the opponent of sustainable development. The negative environmental impacts are not being intervened because of wealth interests. Also, global economy impedes state governments fro...

The Idea of Social Networking Literature review

The Idea of Social Networking - Literature review Example What is most important to understand is the fact that electronic commerce is now starting to emerge into an entirely new way. The Google Adsense, Craiglist.com has made the advertising cheaper and readily reachable to the targeted audience. The idea of social networking1 added much to this concept as now marketers are targeting such social networking communities to derive strong word of mouth for the products and services they offer. Therefore social networking coupled with electronic commerce not provided an opportunity to meet and broaden the social network of individuals but marketers also tapped a new avenue for marketing the products and services in much unique and effective way. As discussed above that social network are groups who share common characteristics and are willing to formulate common platforms which help them to discuss and share their interests, attitudes, likings, disliking, professional information etc. However, what is critical is the fact that social networks have now emerged in a much broader sense. Information technology has broadened the scope and depth of such networks by providing a cheap alternative to meeting electronically. As a result, not only ordinary social networks such as Facebook emerged but professional social networks have been developed too where professional belonging to the same profession often discuss their ideas and information. While discussing social networking, it is also important to discuss social software, a new word which is re-defining how people tend to meet. Social software has been defined as a set of social tools which allow its users to create, support, manage as well as discover interpersonal relationships. (Teten & Allen, 2005). In an essence, therefore, social software provides an opportunity to support the conversation between the members or groups, create and support the social feedback received during that conversation and finally help the emergence of social networks. This can be achieved either through the formation of personal websites, online forums, instant messengers such as MSN and Yahoo, creating blogs or finally websites such as facebook, myspace etc. Castells define a network society as a society "whose social structure is made of networks powered by microelectronics-based information and communication technologies" (Manuel. Castells, 2004). This very definition hints towards how the information flows with the help of new technologies and subsequently helps to formulate societies which share particular traits or characteristics. One of the commonest characteristics is the use of information technology to get connected with each other. Viewing in that perspective, social networking may also be described as the potential network or electronic societies which allow people to formulate groups that share common characteristics. Â  

Module 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Module 7 - Essay Example In Japan, it was the samurai class which embraced Zen most fully. The samurai comprised the warrior class that served the emperors and members of the landed aristocracy; the word samurai translates to ‘men who serve’ and their code of conduct is contained in the Bushido (where bushi means ‘warriors’). Zen particularly appealed to the Samurai because of its emphasis on simplicity of lifestyle and spiritual and physical discipline. Meditation and a study of insoluble problems became the means of cleansing an individual of earthly desires, and focusing on nothingness to discover the ‘inner truth’ (Smitha, 2011). It is this ability to concentrate on the present moment to the exclusion of all else that enabled the Samurai to live, fight and die without fear, hesitation or regret. The Samurai could detach their mind from everything, move with perfect freedom, and reflect their opponent’s mind. They are not distracted by the prospect of the chan ging tide of combat, of doubt or fear; they can concentrate completely on the task of the moment, to kill and be killed. The Samurai also believed in karma and rebirth, which makes this life but a stepping stone for them to the next life. This makes the Samurai utterly fearless. References: Marinchek, J.A. 2009 ‘How Zen Made the Samurai Fearless.’ Suite 101. Retrieved 2 October 2012 from http://suite101.com/article/how-zen-made-the-samurai-fearless-a159718 Smitha, F.E. (2011) ‘Samurai, Bushido, Zen, other Sects and Spiritual Public Baths.’ Macrohistory and World Report. Retrieved 2 October 2012 from http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/rel-japan02.htm The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2012 ‘Zen Buddhism’ Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2 October 2012 from http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/zen/hd_zen.htm Video Review ‘The Zen Mind’ ‘Pictures of the Floating World’ < http://it.spcollege.edu/flashapplications/accessibleYou TubePlayer/index.htm?swfWidth=480&swfHeight=358&videoWidth=480&videoHeight=270&srtFile=http://it.spcollege.edu/srt/HUM2270_KevinMorgan/HUM2270_Mod7_JapArtAft1300_FloatWorld.srt&youtubeURL=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sixSBDp5VoU I took two cyber journeys which presented very different concepts which nevertheless were very much related. The first video, ‘The Zen Mind’ has music and a few verbal explanations, but these and the images are sufficient to convey the meaning of what it is to practice Zen Buddhism. The video exemplified the stark simplicity and extreme detachment of the lives of Zen monks from the busy everyday life. There was a brief flash of images of the Japanese urban dwellers making their way through a crowded train station. Then there is a quick return to the equanimity of the images of the Zen monks. It depicts a philosophy summarized in the last statement of the video, â€Å"You see your own true nature, and it is the nature of the universe.† T he second video, ‘Pictures of the Floating World,’ exhibits a way of life that is anything but detached from the world, but rather it celebrates the sensual, temporal, even commercial aspects of the lifestyle in the thick of society. The artistic style portraying this viewpoint is called Ukiyo-e , ‘The Floating World’; it depicted the lifestyle of the newly evolving class,

Cell Phones & Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cell Phones & Japan - Essay Example These were the 1G (first generation) phones and they worked upon the Analog Transmission Technology available at that point of time. Soon, the popularity of these automobile phones grew and there was a demand for such phones to be available outside the automobile. As per Wikipedia, this demand triggered the innovation of a mobile telephone device, which was quite bulky in size and had to be carried around in briefcase. This mobile communication device was a novelty item and found takers in the form of rich businessmen, executives and those who considered it as a status symbol. (August 2008). The mobile communication in Japan has since then evolved into the present day state, where it is a way of life for the Japanese population. The evolution has spanned across development of 2G, 2.5G, termination of analog technology and the advent of digital technology. Today, the predominant technology in Japan is 3G, which allows wide area voice telephony, video calls and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment. The evolution of cell phones in Japan can be traced back to 1985, when the 2G (second generation wireless telephone technology) digital network made an entry. It was launched by Radiolinja of Finland in 1991. 2G systems were significantly more efficient and secure. It allowed digital encryption of conversation and data services for mobiles such as SMS. 2G services in Japan use an exclusive standard called PDC (Personal Digital Cellular). The PDC standard used in Japan allows the cell-phones to be of a much smaller size than the regular GSM phones that are in use in other geographies of the world. The primary operators of the 2G service in Japan are NTT DoCoMo, Softbank Mobile and KDDI. At the peak of 2G operation in Japan, there were close to 80 million subscribers using the PDC standard phones. The popularity of the PDC phones have since then

Anxiety Among Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy

Anxiety Among Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy REVIEW OF LITERATURE The review of literature in a research report is a summary of current knowledge about a particular practice- problem. (Nancy Burns 2002). A literature review is an organized writers presentation of what has been published on a topic by the scholars. The task of reviewing literature involves the identification, selection, critical analysis and reporting of existing information on topic of interest. The literatures found relevant and useful for the present study have been organized under the following headings. Literature related to prevalence of anxiety among patients receiving radiation therapy. Literature related to interventions used to reduce anxiety of patient receiving radiation therapy. Literature related to prevalence of anxiety among patients receiving radiation therapy. Donna B. Jeffe (2010) conducted a study among women who received radiation therapy over a period of five years in United Kingdom. The results showed that 35% of women had significant levels of anxiety or depression prior to radiation therapy. 75% women with high levels of anxiety prior to treatment recorded further high scores over the time period of five years. Out of six women who received radiation therapy, one had high anxiety scores during every follow-up. Very few of the womens with initial normal anxiety scores developed significant level of anxiety or depression over time. The study concluded that patients with little education showed higher levels of anxiety and depression over time and emphasized the need for education before radiation therapy. Andersen BL,Tewfik HH (2006) conducted a study to find the psychological reactions towards radiation therapy. Totally 45 patients undergoing external radiation therapy were included in this study. Pre and post radiation assessments of the subjects were done in the areas of state and trait anxiety, somatic complaints, and treatment side effects. Results showed increase in complaints and side effects reported by all patients at the treatment conclusion. Results also showed that (a) patients with an initial high level of anxiety reported a significant reduction, but they remained the most anxious subgroup; (b) patients with a moderate level of treatment anxiety before radiation therapy reported no change; and (c) patients with low levels of anxiety reported significant increase. The study concludes that patients who were either low or high in state anxiety were also characterized by more anger or hostility than patients with moderate level of treatment anxiety. Hans Geinitz, FrankB (2003) conducted a study to evaluate fatigue 2.5ÂÂ  years after radiation treatment in patients with breast cancer and to assess its relation to pre- and immediate post-treatment fatigue values. Totally 41 patients were included in this study whose fatigue value was evaluated during the time of radiation therapy. Out of these 41 patients, 38 were alive and free of cancer 2.5ÂÂ  years after radiation therapies, received the Fatigue Assessment Questionnaire, a visual analog scale on fatigue intensity as well as on cancer-related distress scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Health Survey per mail. All 38 patients returned their questionnaires. The values were compared to pretreatment and immediate post-treatment levels. Cancer-related distress values correlated with the patient fatigue scores. Results showed that Patients with functional impairment had slightly higher fatigue values. Patients with pretreatment elevated fatigue, anxiety or depression levels were at high risk for chronic fatigue. Barrie R. Cassileth Ph.D (2009) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of experience on radiation therapy patients desire for information. Information giving and seeking were explored among 160 cancer patients who were receiving or about to receive radiation therapy. Eighty-two new patients and 78 experienced patients completed a questionnaire to find their knowledge of diagnosis and radiation therapy, expectations about treatment, self-assessment of the adequacy of their knowledge, and desire for additional information. Analysis showed that 92% of the patients reported detailed knowledge of diagnoses. Patients were optimistic about treatment: only one person thought that radiation might not be helpful; 50 percent of the patients had a thought that radiation therapy might cure their disease. Patients who had experience with radiation therapy shown with increased knowledge but they had diminished desire to seek information. Most experienced patients had accurate information, bu t many did not feel well informed. The desire among knowledgeable patients for more information might show the patients uncertainty about the radiation treatment. Lynn kilbride (2007) conducted a study to assess the frequency, severity of anxiety and depression among brain tumor patients between the period of surgery and radiation therapy. Totally 51 patients were included in this study whose anxiety and depression were assessed at three time points; post surgery, three weeks post surgery and prior to radiation therapy. Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale was used. Results indicated a heightened level of anxiety prior to radiation therapy. Five patients had significant depression at the time period between surgery and radiation therapy. Four of the five patients with scores consistent with depression had past histories of depression. The study concluded that a past medical history of depression is a significant predictor of depression before radiation therapy. Arthur peck, MD (2006) conducted a study to assess the emotional reactions of patients receiving radiation therapy. Totally 55 patients were included in this study. They were interviewed by a psychiatrist. The focus of initial interview was what they told when they were referred to have radiation therapy. Although 60% were informed by their doctors that they had cancer, all arrived at the treatment center without any preparation for the frequency, number, and the procedure of radiation treatment. Most of the patients believed that requiring radiation therapy was very bad news. They had the fear that radiation might cause further damage and possibly cancer. Few of them only expected it to be curative. Again the patients were interviewed after the completion of radiation treatment. The results showed that the incidence of depression and anxiety was even greater than their pretreatment interviews. More than one third of the patients judged the treatment to be ineffective; they were not realizing that their new distress resulted from the side effects of radiation treatment. In this study only one patient suffered damage due to radiation therapy and 60% were free of signs of cancer at follow up, 1 to 2 years later. This study concluded that patients before radiation therapy suffered from irrational fears of disability and death mainly due to their misconceptions about the radiation therapy. Thomas w.decker (2006) conducted a study to assess the impact of stress, anxiety and depression on quality of life of cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. Totally 82 outpatients who were undergoing radiation therapy were included in this study. The experimental group (34 patients) received some relaxation training and the control group (29 patients) received the standard education and counseling along with the radiation therapy. The results showed that there was significant (p Yu P. Chen, Ngan M. Tsang (2002) conducted a study to find the causes of interruption of Radiation therapy in patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Taiwan. A total of 3273 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients were treated at the Radiation Oncology Department from 1979 to 1996 were included in this study. Among these patients, 276 did not complete the full course of radiation treatment. The medical records of these patients were reviewed to determine the factors contributing to treatment interruption. Results showed that the acute side effects and complications caused by radiation therapy were the major factors influencing patients decisions to discontinue the treatment. This study suggested that more attention should be paid to take care of acute side effects of radiation ÂÂ ­therapy and also reinforcing the patient with education is important. Santhosh K.Chaturvedi (1998) conducted a study to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients receiving radiation therapy in India. A total of 100 patients referred to radiation therapy were included. All patients were administered the hospital anxiety and depression scale before starting the radiation therapy, after the completion of radiation therapy, and at 3-4 months follow-up. Anxiety and depression were detected frequently in patients receiving radiation therapy both prior to treatment and later during follow up. Frequency of anxiety significantly increased after initiating radiation therapy, but later reduced during follow up assessment. Hoyle Leigh (1987) conducted a study to assess the psychological factors affecting survival in cancer patients receiving radiation therapy. Totally 101 patients receiving radiation therapy were evaluated for anxiety, depression, and perception of the seriousness of their condition. In 3 years, the survivors were compared to the non survivors. The survivors had significantly higher mean trait anxiety (p Literature related to interventions used to reduce anxiety of patient receiving radiation therapy. Georgia K.B Halkett (2010) conducted a study to assess the effective communication and provision in radiation therapy and role of the radiation therapists. Health professionals have a duty of care to radiotherapy patients in providing them with adequate information before treatment. The aim of the study was to (a) explore how radiation therapists communicate with breast cancer patients during a radiation therapy planning appointment (b) determine what information is provided during this appointment and (c) explore radiation therapists perspectives on their role in providing patient information and support. A total of 110 radiation therapists were participated in this survey. They simulated 2 radiotherapy planning appointments and held 2 forums. The study concluded that Radiation therapists play an important role in communicating with patients and providing information, especially if patients exhibit anxiety and distress. Christie R. Eheman (2010) conducted a study to assess the information-seeking styles among cancer patients before and after treatment by demographics and use of information sources. Totally 731 cancer patients attending outpatient clinics for cancer treatments were surveyed during the pre treatment and post treatment period. The study evaluated the relationships between information-seeking style (active, moderately active, and passive styles) and demographics, cancer type, and health status for the pretreatment and post treatment periods and overall. The generalized estimating equations approach was used to model the log odds of more active to more passive information-seeking preferences taking into consideration both the pretreatment and post treatment periods. The results showed that prior to treatment, 17% reported an active information-seeking style, 69% were moderately active, and 14% were passive. Raymond Chan (2009) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of orientation program on levels of anxiety and self efficacy among newly registered cancer patients who were waiting for chemotherapy or radiation therapy in a cancer centre in Australia. A randomized control study was used and interventions given like a face-to-face program which includes introduction to the hospital facilities, introduction to the multi-disciplinary team and an overview of treatment side effects and self care strategies. The aim of the study was to orientate patients to the cancer centre and to meet the health care team. Results showed improvement in self-efficacy of patients and demonstrated potential improvement in health outcomes. The study also reported that there were only limited studies on orientation program for cancer patients particularly with respect to the use of multidisciplinary team members. YvonneÂÂ  Zissiadisa (2009) conducted a study to assess the impact of more intensive written information in patients receiving radiation therapy. Totally 194 patients were included in this study. The experimental group (102) received more intensive information and control group (92) received the standard consultation. State trait anxiety scale was completed prior to their first consultation at the time of simulation and at the completion of radiotherapy. Information satisfaction questionnaire to assess the patients satisfaction was also completed at the time of simulation prior to radiation therapy. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups with regard to mean satisfaction scores with the overall information given. Results showed that more intensive information did not significantly change the patients satisfaction, anxiety scores. But the patients were generally very satisfied with the information they received but they were less satisfied w ith the information on lifestyle issues. Eva J.E. Christensen, B.Sc (2006) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of interventions to relieve pain and anxiety during radiation therapy. The main objective of this study was to assess the discomfort and anxiety during radiation therapy, which can increase patient motion leading to decreased treatment accuracy. Totally 2051 subjects were included in this study. They were given different interventions like placebo, hypnotherapy, aromatherapy, music therapy and guided imagery including pharmacological interventions. Results showed that guided imagery showed benefits in terms of pain. And the study concluded that relaxation therapies may decrease anxiety during radiation therapy, evidence supports the benefit of pharmacological interventions for pain and anxiety for specific radiological procedures and selection of common criteria for reporting pain and anxiety is valuable for further studies. Cartledge Hoff A, Haaga DA(2005) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of an education program on radiation oncology patients and family. Information was presented in oral and in written form. After the intervention, orientation program participants did not differ significantly from control group members in state anxiety, general distress, treatment adherence, or knowledge of radiation therapy. Orientation group patients reported greater satisfaction with clinic care, and the orientation group had significant utilization of the psychological counseling services within the clinic, as well as outside support. Jeff Dunnab,(2004) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of targeted treatment education for cancer patients to promote adjustment through assisting patients to participate in treatment decision making, comply with treatment regimens and cope more effectively with treatment side effects. Totally 92 patients included in this study, randomized into experimental and control groups. The experimental group patients were given video information about radiation therapy. Pre test post test and follow up design was used. Results showed that there were no significant difference between the control and experimental group. However, patients in the intervention group reported high levels of satisfaction with the video and all reported that they would recommend the video to other patients waiting for radiation therapy. In the experimental group 90% of patients reported that most of the information received through the video was new to them. C.D.Linde, A.D.Stuart (2002) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of cognitive relaxation-visualization intervention in reducing the anxiety of patients receiving radiation therapy. Totally 88 female patients were taken for this study. The aim of the study was to find the effectiveness of the intervention in two groups. One group (N = 72) waiting for being pre-diagnosis and the other group (N = 16) before beginning radiation therapy treatment. Personal anxiety inventory was used to assess the anxiety. The results indicated that the intervention was effective in reducing anxiety for both the groups. It also concluded that patients had perceived the presence of an empathic individual during the time of diagnosis and before radiation treatment as being of greatest value. Taking interventions to reduce the anxiety before diagnosis and cancer treatment was very important. Lundberg pranne C.PhD,RN (2001) conducted a study among Buddhist patients with cancer undergoing radiation therapy to assess their feelings, satisfaction and coping with nurse provided education and support before radiation therapy. In this study 90 males and 89 females participated. The results showed that the most common feelings about radiation therapy of both the genders were acceptance and womens felt more anxiety compared to men. The most common ways of coping with the radiation therapy for both genders were rest, relaxation and communicate with their family or friends. The result showed that the satisfaction of patients with nurse provided education and support was higher among the men. The study concluded that when oncology nurses provide education to radiation therapy patients, it is very important that they should be well known about their patients characteristics including their cultural values and religious beliefs. D Haese S, Vinh-Hung (2000) conducted a study to assess the timing of provision of information to reduce anxiety and to improve satisfaction of cancer patients receiving radiation treatment. Two sources of informations were used (a) a booklet with a stepwise overall description of radiation treatment (b) teaching sheets with all the information about the radiation treatment site. Totally 68 patients were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to simultaneous information group and stepwise information group. Assessments were recorded before the simulation (p=0.02) and more satisfied (p=0.0001). Results showed that information given through a stepwise format leads to less anxiety towards the radiation treatment and patients were satisfied more before the simulation procedure. D haese S, Vinh-Hung (2000) conducted a study to assess the timing of provision of information to reduce anxiety and to improve satisfaction of cancer patients receiving radiation treatment. Two sources of informations were used (a) a booklet with a stepwise overall description of radiation procedure (b) teaching sheets with all the information about the radiation treatment site. Totally 68 patients were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to simultaneous information group and stepwise information group. Assessments were recorded before the simulation, 2nd week and at the end of radiation treatment. Results showed that information given through a stepwise format leads to less anxiety (p=0.002) and satisfaction (0.00001) towards the radiation treatment before the simulation procedure. Conclusion The review of literature enlightened the investigator to develop an insight into the radiation therapy anxiety, orientation program and its effects in the review of literature. Many studies were conducted to reduce the level of pre radiation therapy anxiety, particularly the education before radiation therapy have shown more significant results throughout the entire course of treatment. These reviews helped the investigator to gain a deeper knowledge of the research problem and guided in designing the study.

Child Discipline

Forms of Discipline: What is best for the child? Children are like flowers, if well taken care of they will bloom. If ignored or tortured, they will wither and die. Child discipline is one of the most important elements of successful parenting. Today, many people have this notion that physical abuse is in no way a solution to helping children discern between right and wrong. Since generations children have been taught the art of discipline through physical punishment.Often this approach to disciplining has resulted in two outcomes, one is where the child becomes more tolerant and is willing to adhere to what he/she has been told, or the other which more often results in children developing a sense of anguish and desire to revolt. Physical punishment often destroys the psychological mindset of a child and can scar his/her childhood, resulting in them to grow up to be particularly irritable and frustrated individuals. Over the decades we have seen that fewer and fewer parents are resor ting to this sort of method of violence to discipline their children.However contradictory to all that has been stated, I believe that sometimes parents are caught in a situation when children cross all boundaries of discipline and spanking is the only effective solution. Therefore, it is imperative to do so. Nonetheless, before spanking is even taken into consideration; all the other non-violent forms of discipline should be used. If none work then finally the act of spanking can be justifiable. The act of spanking is not merely a punishment that should be conducted on a whim by parents; there must be reasoning and evidence of a clear sort of rebellion or revolt that requires such treatment.However in such a situation I am of the firm belief that dialogue or discussion is not the option that will placate the issue in the long run. I feel this approach may only last for a short period of time until the child feels that his or her parents have forgotten the issue and will once again go back on the same path. A spanking advocate says, â€Å"I don't think it hurt me, in fact, it helped me in the long-run. It made me look at consequences, things kids don't normally think about. I was always told, ‘Listen, or you'll have to feel it. I listened when I was told, and now, I'm grateful I was raised like that because I feel now I am much more respectful to my peers and my elders especially. † Thus, the act of a spanking induces a fear, a fear that is necessary for children to experience, as it is this fear that rings in a child’s mind when he or she is on the verge of pursuing a mistake he or she is aware is wrong. When a child is noncompliant, I agree that a spanking is desirable by any parent, however spanking works best when followed by a serene conversation with the child about why was he/she spanked.There are many parents today who do not know how to use this disciplinary action on their children. They usually end up excising too much or too lit tle control over their child without giving them a suitable reasoning. A ‘Fact sheet from the Rocky Mountain Family council’ states that â€Å"pairing reasoning with a spanking in the toddler years delayed misbehavior longer than did either reasoning or spanking alone. Reasoning linked with a spank was also more effective compared with other discipline methods. Talking with the child about what behavior is expected and why-with the potential of a follow-up spank-worked best. Hence, Spank a child only when necessary and in conjunction with reasoning and other forms of discipline. Reality is a question of perspective; the further you get from it the more plausible it seems. Being raised in a traditional Indian family, I have been exposed to all forms of disciplines depending on the situation. As a child, I was spanked when I did something wrong. Being spanked taught me respect and kept me in line. The way my parents disciplined me is an accepted method of punishment back home. It is only today that I understand the importance of what they did.Just as my parents did not have the intention to physically abuse me, the entire concept of spanking too is not directed towards hurting the child, it is more of a lesson taught to make the child realize his/her mistake. Hence, there needs to be a limit to how much parents can spank their kids. If the act is carried out on a daily basis, there are higher chances of the kid behaving inappropriately behind closed doors. At the end of the day these kids get so frustrated of being spanked everyday that they end up doing unnecessary things such as lying, cheating, bullying other people behind their parents backs.Research by Murray Straus, a Co-Director at the Family Research Laboratory at the University of Durham,  indicated that â€Å"frequent spanking (three or more times a week) of children 6 to 9 years old, tracked over a period of two years, increased a child's antisocial behaviour, measured in activities l ike cheating, bullying, or lying†. Hence, it is important for the parents to learn which behaviours deserve a spanking. For instance, spilling water, making noise, wetting-pants are normal behaviours all children tend to pick. They do not need to be spanked as these are all age-appropriate behaviours.A key concept of discipline is to identify the behaviour that is typical for the age of the child. Based on the behaviour, parents can then take appropriate actions. For instance, Lisa Berlin, research scientist at the Centre for Child and Family Policy at Duke University says, â€Å"We're talking about infants and toddlers, and I think that just, cognitively, they just don't understand enough about right or wrong or punishment to benefit from being spanked,†Ã‚  As Berlin states, it is pointless to spank an infant, however as children grow older and begin to understand the severity of the punishment, a spanking is desirable.Today, there is a common misconception that spanki ng is a form of child abuse. Some parents are actually afraid to discipline their own children using the same method used for their own upbringing. Who is correct in the notion of right and wrong discipline? Is there such a thing as a correct way to spank your child? In my opinion, there is. So, my objective is to show that there is a fine line between the two terms Spanking and Child abuse. A Cambridge Dictionary states that Child Abuse occurs â€Å"when adults intentionally treat children in a cruel or violent way. On the other hand, Spanking in the same dictionary means â€Å"to hit a child with the hand, usually several times on the bottom as a punishment. † In this way, the line between the two can be drawn where too much spanking results in bruises and scars on the child. Therefore, parents should not spank their children when they are angry themselves as the spank would turn out to be an unintentional smack. When this occurs, parents tend to accidently take out their frustration on the child.Primarily, this is when Spanking, a form of discipline, starts drifting towards the entire concept of ‘child abuse’. However, this misconception has led to many unwanted situations where parents have been sent to jail by their own children. In a general conversation with a waiter at IHOP in Charlottesville, I got to know that he spanked his child twice due to confidential reasons and the child sent his dad, Greg, to the court. In this way, mild spanking is an essential tool to bring the child on the right path of success.A pro-spanker, Leeanne, mother to three children says â€Å"I gave a spanking (more like a weak handed swatting) on the butt when my children were small a couple of times†¦. after that, just a warning and a look was all they needed to keep in line, because they knew they didn't want one. All three of my children have told me that they are ashamed of their generation and each have thanked me, at one point or another for tho se little spanks. (Again, I don't mean pain†¦ just attention getting and disapproval of their behaviour). †Ã‚  As claimed by her, I too believe that spanking causes no harm on the child.It is just the way the parent does it. Love your children more than you spank them. At the end of the day, that is all what a child needs in life. Other than that, I also carried out my own survey for this essay where I asked fifteen friends their opinion on spanking. Each of them said that they have been spanked in at least one circumstance. They all agreed that it is proper to discipline in this way. It is only now after coming to UVA and being so successful they have realized the importance of the punishments their parents used to give them.When I asked them at what occasions did they get spanked, one said, â€Å"I have done a lot of silly things in life that my parents have disapproved, they believe that not all negative behaviours require a spanking; but spanking is their number one choice when all other methods of discipline fail. † Life is all about making decisions, taking risks and then finally facing their consequences. Hence, their parents took the risk and landed on the safe end where their children are reaching the pinnacle of success.As stated, spanking shouldn’t be the only form of discipline used on children. Parents need to take into account all the other forms as well to teach their children right from wrong. Parents can inculcate discipline in their child by showing discontent to the unsuitable behaviour of the child. This usually has a lasting effect as they know that if they do it again their parents will be disappointed, which is usually harder to deal with. This type of punishment only gives you more of a guilt feeling and it remains till you are in good terms with your parents again.When parents give that silent treatment, it becomes very hard to live in the same house where parents are not in talking terms with their kids. Scold ing is another form which is widely used all over the world. If it becomes an everyday situation then it may lessen the effect on the child. The child may start considering this as a normal act for parents to shout at him/her and will start ignoring them. The aim of the parents to teach the kid a lesson and make sure he/she does not make the same mistake again would fail.However, if scolding is the only process used then parents need to also praise their children when they do something good as well. In this way, scolding and  praising should be balanced so that children understand the entire concept properly. Another very effective form of discipline is ‘Time-Out’. This is mainly used on young children. â€Å"A  time-out  involves temporarily separating a child from an environment where inappropriate behaviour has occurred, and is intended to give an over-excited child time to calm down. †Ã‚  This method can be very effectual if carried out appropriately.To o much of something doesn’t attain the goal it is looking for. Similarly, excessive scolding or use of time-out does not have the same effect on the child as a one or two time would. For example, a child throwing a tantrum can be put in time-out for him/her to calm down. After that, parents need to make sure they kindly explain the kid that whatever he/she did is not acceptable in society. Even in this case, age matters as a one year old cannot be asked to sit and listen to a long lecture as they do not have long attention spans.An American mother stated Once the child gets older and as they start experiencing the real world, parents tend teach them a lesson by withholding privileges. When they reach a certain age i. e. when they are in grade 5-6, they start to differentiate precisely between family and friends. Sometimes as they enter the teenage world, they begin to value friends over family. At this point, parents know that their kids are growing and might go on the wrong path if not taught a lesson at the right time. Hence, some of the techniques such as ‘if they come home later than expected then take away what they love the most’ are used.For example, if you come home late, you will not be allowed to watch TV for two days. This is usually used once the child is old enough to understand. In this way, as they grow older they learn how to make thoughtful decisions. A balanced approach should be used in order to raise the child in the right manner. By ‘balanced’, I mean that parents should spank their children only to a certain extent primarily depending on their age and the type of mistake committed by the child. Spanking along with other forms of discipline should be used in order to make the child realize his/her mistakes in life. Child Discipline GOALS OF EFFECTIVE DISCIPLINE Discipline is the structure that helps the child fit into the real world happily and effectively. It is the foundation for the development of the child’s own self-discipline. Effective and positive discipline is about teaching and guiding children, not just forcing them to obey. As with all other interventions aimed at pointing out unacceptable behavior, the child should always know that the parent loves and supports him or her. Trust between parent and child should be maintained and constantly built upon.Parenting is the task of raising children and providing them with the necessary material and emotional care to further their physical, emotional, cognitive and social development. Disciplining children is one of the most important yet difficult responsibilities of parenting, and there are no shortcuts. The physician must stress that teaching about limits and acceptable behavior takes time and a great deal of energy. The hurried pace of today†™s society can be an obstacle to effective discipline. The goal of effective discipline is to foster acceptable and appropriate behaviour in the child and to raise emotionally mature adults.A disciplined person is able to postpone pleasure, is considerate of the needs of others, is assertive without being aggressive or hostile, and can tolerate discomfort when necessary. The foundation of effective discipline is respect. The child should be able to respect the parent’s authority and also the rights of others. Inconsistency in applying discipline will not help a child respect his or her parents. Harsh discipline such as humiliation (verbal abuse, shouting, name-calling) will also make it hard for the child to respect and trust the parent.Thus, effective discipline means discipline applied with mutual respect in a firm, fair, reasonable and consistent way. The goal is to protect the child from danger, help the child learn self-discipline, and develop a healthy conscience and an internal sense of responsibility and control. It should also instill values. One of the major obstacles to achieving these goals is inconsistency, which will confuse any child, regardless of developmental age. It can be particularly hard for parents to be consistent role models. Telling children to â€Å"Do as I say, but not as I do† does not achieve effective discipline.Parental disagreements about child-rearing techniques, as well as cultural differences between parents, often result in inconsistent disciplining methods. The physician needs to be mindful of these challenges and suggest steps that parents can take to resolve these differences (1). It is important that in teaching effective discipline, physicians do not impose their own agendas on the families they counsel. A balanced, objective view should be used to provide resources, and the goal should be to remain objective. This means using principles supported by academic, peer-reviewed literature.This is particular ly important when dealing with controversial issues such as disciplinary spanking. MEANINGS: Discipline means obedience to a superior authority. Accepting the norms of the family, society, the commands of elders and obeying them is also discipline. Discipline means accepting punishments for violation. Discipline also means training of mind and character, developing self-control and the habit of obedience. In the entire universe, there is an order and discipline. The stars, the planets, the earth on which we live, the moon and the sun we see, move according to a system of discipline.We can see that plants, insects, birds and animals too observe discipline in their lives, only man who has a thinking mind finds it difficult to observe discipline. Discipline could be divided into two broad categories, external and internal. External discipline is that which is imposed by outside authority. It is often linked with authority and force. Discipline in the army is one such. Soldiers do not h ave a say in it except implicit obedience. As Tennyson says â€Å"Theirs not to make reply. There’s not to reason why, theirs nut to do and die†.A soldier in a war field cannot ask for reasons. He has to obey commands; otherwise, the war is lost. Our ancient educational system believed in enforcing discipline by force. They used to say, if you spare the rod you will spoil the child. But that view is not correct. It will produce only negative results. That is why discipline has taken a new shape in schools and colleges now. It is call self-discipline. It is discipline by acceptance, not by imposition. We live in a democracy. Democracy is based on the will of majority of its citizens.It has to be accepted and obeyed. Otherwise democracy loses its meaning and leads to anarchy. Family customs and traditions, laws of the society, and moral and spiritual laws of the religion are all to be obeyed. That is discipline. Discipline demands obedience to commands fro leaders, respe ct for women, devotion to god etc. Though discipline starts at home, there is much more need for it in schools. Schools are nursing places for various virtues and values. Discipline in the classroom, on the playground and elsewhere in the school is all important.Force has no place in student discipline. Teachers are to be first disciplined, so one, who cannot control oneself, cannot control others. Students emulate teachers in all ways. It is more so in the matter of discipline. They observe discipline by acceptance not by force. Some argue that discipline limits freedom and that also kills the man’s initiative. This is a wrong view. Indiscipline cannot bring order of growth. Self-discipline or discipline by acceptance is self-control. One controls his emotions and desires and gives room to listen to other’s points of views.Man has many desires and impulses. If they are allowed free play without discipline, it will end in chaos. Nature and society are best disciplinari ans. Violate their laws, and you are in for punishment. Put your finger in fire. It burns, no matter who you are. There we learn discipline by experience. That is why Gandhi has rightly said that discipline is learning in adversity. It is therefore necessary that, if you wish to achieve anything enduring in life, you have to be first disciplined in life. Lack of discipline is like a ship without a rudder. Child Discipline Forms of Discipline: What is best for the child? Children are like flowers, if well taken care of they will bloom. If ignored or tortured, they will wither and die. Child discipline is one of the most important elements of successful parenting. Today, many people have this notion that physical abuse is in no way a solution to helping children discern between right and wrong. Since generations children have been taught the art of discipline through physical punishment.Often this approach to disciplining has resulted in two outcomes, one is where the child becomes more tolerant and is willing to adhere to what he/she has been told, or the other which more often results in children developing a sense of anguish and desire to revolt. Physical punishment often destroys the psychological mindset of a child and can scar his/her childhood, resulting in them to grow up to be particularly irritable and frustrated individuals. Over the decades we have seen that fewer and fewer parents are resor ting to this sort of method of violence to discipline their children.However contradictory to all that has been stated, I believe that sometimes parents are caught in a situation when children cross all boundaries of discipline and spanking is the only effective solution. Therefore, it is imperative to do so. Nonetheless, before spanking is even taken into consideration; all the other non-violent forms of discipline should be used. If none work then finally the act of spanking can be justifiable. The act of spanking is not merely a punishment that should be conducted on a whim by parents; there must be reasoning and evidence of a clear sort of rebellion or revolt that requires such treatment.However in such a situation I am of the firm belief that dialogue or discussion is not the option that will placate the issue in the long run. I feel this approach may only last for a short period of time until the child feels that his or her parents have forgotten the issue and will once again go back on the same path. A spanking advocate says, â€Å"I don't think it hurt me, in fact, it helped me in the long-run. It made me look at consequences, things kids don't normally think about. I was always told, ‘Listen, or you'll have to feel it. I listened when I was told, and now, I'm grateful I was raised like that because I feel now I am much more respectful to my peers and my elders especially. † Thus, the act of a spanking induces a fear, a fear that is necessary for children to experience, as it is this fear that rings in a child’s mind when he or she is on the verge of pursuing a mistake he or she is aware is wrong. When a child is noncompliant, I agree that a spanking is desirable by any parent, however spanking works best when followed by a serene conversation with the child about why was he/she spanked.There are many parents today who do not know how to use this disciplinary action on their children. They usually end up excising too much or too lit tle control over their child without giving them a suitable reasoning. A ‘Fact sheet from the Rocky Mountain Family council’ states that â€Å"pairing reasoning with a spanking in the toddler years delayed misbehavior longer than did either reasoning or spanking alone. Reasoning linked with a spank was also more effective compared with other discipline methods. Talking with the child about what behavior is expected and why-with the potential of a follow-up spank-worked best. Hence, Spank a child only when necessary and in conjunction with reasoning and other forms of discipline. Reality is a question of perspective; the further you get from it the more plausible it seems. Being raised in a traditional Indian family, I have been exposed to all forms of disciplines depending on the situation. As a child, I was spanked when I did something wrong. Being spanked taught me respect and kept me in line. The way my parents disciplined me is an accepted method of punishment back home. It is only today that I understand the importance of what they did.Just as my parents did not have the intention to physically abuse me, the entire concept of spanking too is not directed towards hurting the child, it is more of a lesson taught to make the child realize his/her mistake. Hence, there needs to be a limit to how much parents can spank their kids. If the act is carried out on a daily basis, there are higher chances of the kid behaving inappropriately behind closed doors. At the end of the day these kids get so frustrated of being spanked everyday that they end up doing unnecessary things such as lying, cheating, bullying other people behind their parents backs.Research by Murray Straus, a Co-Director at the Family Research Laboratory at the University of Durham,  indicated that â€Å"frequent spanking (three or more times a week) of children 6 to 9 years old, tracked over a period of two years, increased a child's antisocial behaviour, measured in activities l ike cheating, bullying, or lying†. Hence, it is important for the parents to learn which behaviours deserve a spanking. For instance, spilling water, making noise, wetting-pants are normal behaviours all children tend to pick. They do not need to be spanked as these are all age-appropriate behaviours.A key concept of discipline is to identify the behaviour that is typical for the age of the child. Based on the behaviour, parents can then take appropriate actions. For instance, Lisa Berlin, research scientist at the Centre for Child and Family Policy at Duke University says, â€Å"We're talking about infants and toddlers, and I think that just, cognitively, they just don't understand enough about right or wrong or punishment to benefit from being spanked,†Ã‚  As Berlin states, it is pointless to spank an infant, however as children grow older and begin to understand the severity of the punishment, a spanking is desirable.Today, there is a common misconception that spanki ng is a form of child abuse. Some parents are actually afraid to discipline their own children using the same method used for their own upbringing. Who is correct in the notion of right and wrong discipline? Is there such a thing as a correct way to spank your child? In my opinion, there is. So, my objective is to show that there is a fine line between the two terms Spanking and Child abuse. A Cambridge Dictionary states that Child Abuse occurs â€Å"when adults intentionally treat children in a cruel or violent way. On the other hand, Spanking in the same dictionary means â€Å"to hit a child with the hand, usually several times on the bottom as a punishment. † In this way, the line between the two can be drawn where too much spanking results in bruises and scars on the child. Therefore, parents should not spank their children when they are angry themselves as the spank would turn out to be an unintentional smack. When this occurs, parents tend to accidently take out their frustration on the child.Primarily, this is when Spanking, a form of discipline, starts drifting towards the entire concept of ‘child abuse’. However, this misconception has led to many unwanted situations where parents have been sent to jail by their own children. In a general conversation with a waiter at IHOP in Charlottesville, I got to know that he spanked his child twice due to confidential reasons and the child sent his dad, Greg, to the court. In this way, mild spanking is an essential tool to bring the child on the right path of success.A pro-spanker, Leeanne, mother to three children says â€Å"I gave a spanking (more like a weak handed swatting) on the butt when my children were small a couple of times†¦. after that, just a warning and a look was all they needed to keep in line, because they knew they didn't want one. All three of my children have told me that they are ashamed of their generation and each have thanked me, at one point or another for tho se little spanks. (Again, I don't mean pain†¦ just attention getting and disapproval of their behaviour). †Ã‚  As claimed by her, I too believe that spanking causes no harm on the child.It is just the way the parent does it. Love your children more than you spank them. At the end of the day, that is all what a child needs in life. Other than that, I also carried out my own survey for this essay where I asked fifteen friends their opinion on spanking. Each of them said that they have been spanked in at least one circumstance. They all agreed that it is proper to discipline in this way. It is only now after coming to UVA and being so successful they have realized the importance of the punishments their parents used to give them.When I asked them at what occasions did they get spanked, one said, â€Å"I have done a lot of silly things in life that my parents have disapproved, they believe that not all negative behaviours require a spanking; but spanking is their number one choice when all other methods of discipline fail. † Life is all about making decisions, taking risks and then finally facing their consequences. Hence, their parents took the risk and landed on the safe end where their children are reaching the pinnacle of success.As stated, spanking shouldn’t be the only form of discipline used on children. Parents need to take into account all the other forms as well to teach their children right from wrong. Parents can inculcate discipline in their child by showing discontent to the unsuitable behaviour of the child. This usually has a lasting effect as they know that if they do it again their parents will be disappointed, which is usually harder to deal with. This type of punishment only gives you more of a guilt feeling and it remains till you are in good terms with your parents again.When parents give that silent treatment, it becomes very hard to live in the same house where parents are not in talking terms with their kids. Scold ing is another form which is widely used all over the world. If it becomes an everyday situation then it may lessen the effect on the child. The child may start considering this as a normal act for parents to shout at him/her and will start ignoring them. The aim of the parents to teach the kid a lesson and make sure he/she does not make the same mistake again would fail.However, if scolding is the only process used then parents need to also praise their children when they do something good as well. In this way, scolding and  praising should be balanced so that children understand the entire concept properly. Another very effective form of discipline is ‘Time-Out’. This is mainly used on young children. â€Å"A  time-out  involves temporarily separating a child from an environment where inappropriate behaviour has occurred, and is intended to give an over-excited child time to calm down. †Ã‚  This method can be very effectual if carried out appropriately.To o much of something doesn’t attain the goal it is looking for. Similarly, excessive scolding or use of time-out does not have the same effect on the child as a one or two time would. For example, a child throwing a tantrum can be put in time-out for him/her to calm down. After that, parents need to make sure they kindly explain the kid that whatever he/she did is not acceptable in society. Even in this case, age matters as a one year old cannot be asked to sit and listen to a long lecture as they do not have long attention spans.An American mother stated Once the child gets older and as they start experiencing the real world, parents tend teach them a lesson by withholding privileges. When they reach a certain age i. e. when they are in grade 5-6, they start to differentiate precisely between family and friends. Sometimes as they enter the teenage world, they begin to value friends over family. At this point, parents know that their kids are growing and might go on the wrong path if not taught a lesson at the right time. Hence, some of the techniques such as ‘if they come home later than expected then take away what they love the most’ are used.For example, if you come home late, you will not be allowed to watch TV for two days. This is usually used once the child is old enough to understand. In this way, as they grow older they learn how to make thoughtful decisions. A balanced approach should be used in order to raise the child in the right manner. By ‘balanced’, I mean that parents should spank their children only to a certain extent primarily depending on their age and the type of mistake committed by the child. Spanking along with other forms of discipline should be used in order to make the child realize his/her mistakes in life.

Buying a House in Today’s Economy Essay

The economy can make or break many decisions and on buying a house is a major one to make sure that the economy is in a good state that buying a house is not the right decision. When it comes to the marginal benefit the economy should be at an increase because purchasing the house is not anything that needs to be done but it is something that one wants to do and if the economy is bad then there is not any money available to make the extra purchase of buying a home at that time. Marginal ost in purchasing a house can affect economy by the simple fact of saving money here and there on some things in order to make sure that that they have money available to buy the house. The selling of the products they might have bought will decrease the economies profits. The removal of tax deduction on the mortgage interest affects the housing market because it will cause people to not be buying houses because some see the tax as a cushion for them to be able to get a house that they may not have had a chance to et based on their income. If they do not have a feeling of safety in purchasing a home they will not take the chance. The ways that government spends money on other things and the taxes make a decision a bit harder because a person Just wants to make sure that buying the house will not result in not having any money to do anything else. If the government ends up spending money on things not needed then there will not be enough money in banks and other finance resources that can help a person purchase a home.

Marketing Plan for the Internationalisation Project of Huawei Technologies Ltd The WritePass Journal

Marketing Plan for the Internationalisation Project of Huawei Technologies Ltd Executive Summary Marketing Plan for the Internationalisation Project of Huawei Technologies Ltd ). This means that Huawei would have to contend with the challenge of establishing trust with potential Indian partners and customers, and prove that its products and services are of high quality contrary to prevailing negative perceptions of Chinese companies in India. There are also infrastructural deficits in many part of India, especially the rural areas, which may affect Huaweis servicing of the Indian market. Many parts of India lack not only key telecom infrastructure, but also basic infrastructures such as power supply and roads (DB, 2010). It may therefore be challenging for new entrants such as Huawei to operate successfully in such areas. In spite of the challenges associated with the Indian market environment in general and the telecom market segment in particular, this market is suitable to target because of the considerable opportunities it offers and the resources available. The sheer size of the market and the number of telecommunications carriers in the country offers a potentially huge customer base for Huawei to exploit. The socio-political stability of India is also an advantage, as it would facilitate a conducive business climate for new entrants into the Indian market. Marketing Objectives Marketing objectives refer to the measures of accomplishment by which the organisation can measure the degree of success of its marketing strategies. Marketing objectives may therefore include elements such as retention, market leadership, rate of new sales growth, and other indices (Joshi, 2005). In essence, marketing objectives clarify what the organisation wants to accomplish through its marketing activities. In order for marketing objectives to help the organisation achieve the required aims and successfully implement the marketing plan, they need to meet the SMART criteria, which means that they should be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound (Doran, 1981). Huaweis marketing objectives in seeking to enter the Indian market can be discussed in terms of the Ansoff Matrix – a conceptual model and marketing planning tool that describes how the organisation links its marketing strategy with its strategic direction. The Ansoff Matrix suggests four distinct growth strategies in marketing planning, namely market penetration, market development, product development, and diversification. Table 1: Ansoff Matrix *Adapted from Ansoff (1967) In line with the provisions of the Ansoff Matrix, Huawei’s marketing objectives are mainly based on market development, which involves seeking to achieve growth by selling existing products or services in new markets (Ibid). Accordingly, Huawei’s key marketing objectives are to enlarge its customer base and increase revenues by establishing itself strongly in the Indian market within the first three years of market entry. These objectives are specific because they are straight-forward and clear. They are measurable because the total revenues and incremental number of customers can be quantified to determine how much progress is being made. The objectives are also achievable and realistic because Huawei already has significant experience, proven capability, and superior technologies that allow it settle quickly and make an impact in the new market within the projected time frame. They objectives are also time-bound, given that the projected three-year period for realisin g the objectives provides sufficient opportunity to set timelines, monitor progress, and adjust the plan where necessary in order to ensure that the objectives are realised within the set period. Marketing Strategy In order to determine the most appropriate marketing strategies best combination of the Marketing Mix to adopt for the planned internationalisation project, it is important to note that Huawei Technologies would be entering the Indian market as a latecomer, as opposed to a pioneer. Pioneers refer to the firms that are first to introduce a product or service in a given market and establish themselves early on. On the other hand, late comers refer to later entrants who enter a market with products or services that are already in existence or provided by existing firms (Kalyanaram and Gurumurthy, 1998). Given that being a pioneer can provide significant market-share advantages over latecomers, later entrants often need to adopt distinctive marketing strategies and positioning in order to compete favourably with the existing firms (Gao et al., 2007). Based on this reality, the marketing mix (i.e. price, products, promotion, and place) would have to be carefully evaluated to select the most effective combination suitable for Huawei as a latecomer in the Indian market. As such, the combination of product and promotion is suggested as the appropriate combination of the marketing mix that should be used in Huaweis market entry plan. A product strategy should be central to the marketing strategy, particularly in terms of defining the product range as well as product standardisation in order to ensure the same quality products and services that the Huawei brand is renowned for in the existing markets in which it operates. This should also involve improving product and service quality through incremental innovation in order to compete favourably with existing rival products and services. This product strategy should also be combined with a promotions strategy that involves repackaging product and service offerings through effective adve rtising and marketing to penetrate the new market. This is best achieved by segmenting the market and focusing on specific target demographics where high impact promotional activities would generate customers seeking varieties or enhanced substitutes to existing products or services (see Matthews, 2002). The Action Plan Action January February March April Who Conduct preliminary assessment of preferred operational base and acquire suitable office(s) 15th – 20th Administrative Staff in conjunction with local agents Commence process of recruiting qualified personnel 15st HR/Recruitment Agency Establish contact with preferred agents, suppliers, and partners 20th – 5th Regional Manager/Business development Managers/Logistics Department Profile target customers and establish contacts with them though presentations and proposals 20th – 30th Business Manager/Marketing Department Commence positioning attempts and repackaging of products and services to suit the needs of identified potential customers and targets 16th – Business Development Manager/Operations Department Begin promotional activities through focused advertising and public relations 20th – Marketing Department/Marketing Communications Agency/Industry Contacts Marketing Budget The marketing budget for Huaweis planned market entry should be sufficient to ensure the realisation of the marketing plan objectives, while also being cost efficient at the same time. Considering that there are competing marketing initiatives and needs in the proposed plan, allocated funds must be dedicated to each aspect of the marketing effort to ensure that objectives are achieved in a measurable and timely manner (Luke, 2009). The elements of the marketing budget for Huawei’s market entry as well as the amount allocated to each category are outlined as follows: Activity Allocation (US$) Advertising and promotional activities (in telecom and ICT industry-focused journals, social media, etc) 380,000 Advertising and promotional materials (e.g. Brochures, fliers, banners, pens, calendars) 55,000 Product Repackaging Redevelopment 550,000 Research Development 400,000 Recurring expenses 420,000 Total Budget 1,805,000 Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and evaluation is a critical phase of the marketing plan, since it helps ensure that the plan is being implemented as designed, and meeting the projected objectives. It is also useful in making it possible to adjust or modify sections of the plan in response to observed shortcomings and external unforeseen contingencies (Tourism NT, 2007). There are a number of approaches that can be used for monitoring and evaluation, but for the present purpose, it is sufficient to adopt the McKinsey 7S Framework to monitor and assess the progress being made by the organisation towards achieving set objectives. The framework comprises strategy, structure, systems, staff, style, skills, and super-ordinate goals (or shared values). It is based on the premise that these seven components must be aligned and mutually reinforce each other in order to help the organisation determine where to realign needs to improve performance, or maintain alignment   in order to sustain performance (Peters, 2011; Waterman et al, 1980). Figure 1: The McKinsey 7S Framework Source: Peters (2011) The McKinsey 7S framework would be useful in monitoring and evaluating the implementation of Huaweis marketing plan, as each of the seven elements in the framework would be examined to determine where problems may arise along the line, and where further planning may be necessary. In specific terms, the performance of Huaweis marketing efforts in its international expansion plan would be based on measurable elements such as extent of customer awareness and feedback in response to advertising and promotional efforts, sales response to portfolio of products and services, customer satisfaction with product and service quality, and ROI on marketing investments in relation to quarterly earnings. Keys to Success Targeted product redevelopment and repackaging to meet the specific needs of high-value ICT and telecom customers Focused promotional and marketing activities for maximum exposure to the targeted demographic of potential customers Reliable customer service and after sales maintenance support Faithful implementation of elements of the marketing plan in line with the time-line Critical Issues The emphasis of product and promotion based marketing strategy is crucial for the success of the marketing plan. Since the telecom and ICT/telecom industry is highly dependent on quality of products and services, it is important to ensure that Huawei maintains its high product/service standard, and make necessary modifications to product formulation and packaging based on the location-specific requirements of the Indian market. Promotion is also vital, as the adopted promotional and marketing activities must be effectively implemented to establish the companys presence quickly among potential customers. Lastly, the monitoring and evaluation process must ensure that the marketing plan facilitates Huaweis incremental growth to a position of competitive advantage in terms of superior product offering, market share, and revenues within 3 years of entering the market. References Alli, A.M., Winter, G.S. and May, D.L. (2007) â€Å"Globalization: Its Effects†, International Business Economics Research Journal, 6(1), 89-96. Ansoff, I. (1967) Strategies for Diversification, Harvard Business Review, 35(5), Sep-Oct, 113-124 Bartlett, C. A., and Ghoshal, S.   (2005) â€Å"Transactional management, text, cases, and readings in cross-border management†, Journal of Management, 69(2), 99–120 Child, J. and Rodrigues, S.B. (2005) The internationalisation of Chinese firms, Management and Organisation Review, 1(3), 381-410 DB (2010) Issues and Opportunities of the Indian Telecom Industry [online], Available at: dnb.co.in/IndianTelecomIndustry/issues.asp [Accessed 10 November 2012] Dess, G, Lumpkin, T. and Taylor, M. (2004) Strategic Management: Creating Competitive Advantages, New York: McGraw Hill Professional. Doran, G.T. (1981) Theres a S.M.A.R.T. way to write managements goals and objectives, Management Review, 70(11), 35-36. Gao, X.D, Liu, J.X., Chai, K.H., and Li, J.Z. (2007) Overcoming latecomer disadvantages in small and medium-sized firms: Evidence from China, International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, 3(4), 364-383. Hill, C. (2009) International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace, New York:   McGraw-Hill/Irwin Johnson, S. and Turner, J. (2003) International Business: themes and issues in the modern global economy, London: Routledge Joshi, R.M. (2005) International Marketing, New York: Oxford University Press. Kalyanaram, G. and Gurumurthy, R. (1998) Market Entry Strategies: Pioneers Versus Late Arrivals, Best Practice, Third Quarter, 1-11. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2006) Principles of Marketing, New Jersey: Pearson Education. Luke, K. (2009) How to Construct a Marketing Plan and Budget, Advisor Perspectives [online], Available at: advisorperspectives.com/newsletters09/pdfs/How_to_Construct_a_Marketing_Plan_and_Budget.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2012] Mathews, J.A. (2002) Competitive Advantages of the Latecomer Firm: A Resource-Based Account of Industrial Catch-Up Strategies, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19, 467-488. Nakai, Y. and Tanaka, Y. (2010) Chinese Company’s IPR Strategy: How Huawei Technologies Succeeded in Dominating Overseas Market by Sideward-Crawl Crab Strategy, Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo Institute of Technology. Parker, B. (1998) Globalization and Business Practice: Managing Across Boundaries, London: Sage Publications Peters, T.J. (2011) A Brief History of the 7-S (McKinsey 7-S) Model, [online], Available at: tompeters.com/dispatches/012016.php [Accessed 11 November 2012] Svensson, G. (2002) Beyond global marketing and the globalisation of marketing activities, Management Decision, 40(6), 574–83 Tourism NT (2007) Monitoring and Evaluation, [online], Available at: tourismnt.com.au/Portals/3/docs/industry/business/FS_monitoring_your_product.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2012] Vernon, R. (1996) â€Å"International investment and international trade in the product cycle†, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80, 190-207 Waterman, R.H., Peters, T.J., and Phillips, J.R. (1980) Structure is not Organisation, Business Horizons, June, 14-26) Witzel, M. and Goswami, T. (2012) Huaweis entry to India, Financial Times [online], Available at: ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a7c4d656-fe89-11e1-8028-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2C0acYoon [Accessed 10 November 2012]

Nine Rules You Need to Know About Quotation Marks

Nine Rules You Need to Know About Quotation Marks Whether you call it a quotation mark, quote mark, inverted comma, or talking mark, punctuation used to denote a direct quote when writing the English language comes with some confusing- therefore, often misunderstood- rules to follow. Much of the confusion is caused by opposing rules for quotation marks between the two styles of American English and British English. Whichever style used, rules related to the use of quotation marks when writing a sentence are some of the most commonly misunderstood rules in English. Basically- if you have a difficult time following them or remembering them, dont feel bad because youre definitely not alone.Despite the confusion surrounding its form and usage, the quotation mark dates back to 15th-century manuscripts, when passages that were particularly important were pulled out of the main body and placed in the margins as a notation. Although not necessarily a direct quotation, these passages were distinguished from the rest of the words with identif ying marks that would later evolve into our modern quotation marks. It wouldnt be until the 16th century, however, that printers would start using symbols that are similar to the quotation marks we use today, while the 17th century began using it to denote words spoken.Double or singleThe double quotation mark () is used to open a quote and end a quote in American-style English. This form of quotation mark it is the oldest form, with the single quotation mark () showing up around 1800 to denote a secondary level of quote, also known as a quote within a quote.Continuing its often confusing variations among American and British writers, rules for punctuation in English writing are almost opposite each other when it comes to the use of quotes. For example, in America, a writer would use the double quotation mark for a primary-level quote, while using single quotation marks to denote a quote within a quote, or secondary level of usage. Writers across the UK, however, would do the exact opposite, using the single quotation mark to denote a primary quotation and the double quotation mark to denote secondary-level quotes, such as idioms or a quote within a quote.Whether you are writing in American-style English or British-style English, the most obvious and most used purpose of a quotation mark is to denote when someone is speaking in a sentence. However, the problem is usually not found in the quotation marks place in the sentence- rather, the confusion is often in where to place other punctuation in and around the quotation marks.For this reason, we will cover the basic rules of quotation marks in both American and British styles of the language.Rule 1 - Marking the primary quoteAmericans use the double quotation mark () to mark a primary quote, while the UK uses a singular quotation mark () to do so. Again, the rules between the two styles are exactly opposite. For example, lets take a look at how two sentences with direct or primary-level quotes are written in A merican-style English.American EnglishDont leave the house, my mother said.Dr. Morgan stated that a miracle needs to happen for her to get back on her feet.Now, lets take those same two quotes and look at them written in the British-style of English:British EnglishDont leave the house, my mother said.Dr. Morgan stated that a miracle needs to happen for her to get back on her feet.Rule 2 - Marking the secondary-level quoteIn keeping with the theme of exactly opposite rules between American-style and British-style English, the secondary level of a quote is also handled differently. Americans use the single quotation mark () to denote a secondary-level quote (otherwise known as a quote within a quote or nested quote), while the UK uses a double quote () to do so.American EnglishHe told me very plainly to pack up and leave, she said.When the officer yelled stop loudly, I stopped immediately, claims Sarah.As can be seen in both examples, for American-style English, when there is a quote within a quote, the double quotation mark is used as the first level or primary level of the quote, while the single quotation mark is used to denote the second level of the quote (or the nested quote).Of course, as it goes, the opposite applies when writing in British-style English, as shown below.British EnglishHe told me very plainly to pack up and leave, she said.When the officer yelled stop loudly, I stopped immediately, claims Sarah.Rule 3 - Comma usage near quotesWhen writing a quote in American or British English, a comma is generally used to separate the quote from other parts of the sentence. This happens when clauses like he said or she said (or something similar) are used as non-quoted words connected with quoted ones. In American-style English language writing, the comma is placed inside the quotes in these circumstances, unless separating the quote itself. In cases such as this, the comma would be inside of the first set of quotation marks and outside at the beginnin g of the second set.American EnglishIts a beautiful day, she said, lets have a picnic.They called and said, We have some great news for you.In British-style English, commas are placed outside of the quotation marks at all times, unless they are part of the quoted phrase. Weve written the same sentences below, so you can see the difference between the two styles.British EnglishIts a beautiful day, she said, lets have a picnic.They called and said, We have some great news for you.Rule 4 - Period or full stop usageThe fourth rule is similar to the third rule, but applies to period or full stop usage when related to quotes. The same examples used in Rule 3 apply here, as well. American English puts the period or full stop inside of the quotes, while British-style English puts the period outside of the quotation marks.Rule 5 - The question markNow that weve explained the differences between American-style English and British-style English when it comes to using commas or periods along with quotation marks, you can breathe easier. Thats because all other punctuation besides the comma and period is handled the same way in both American-style English and British-style English.Specifically, both styles put the question mark in the most logical place in the sentence. If the question is within the quote itself, the question mark should also be placed within the quotation marks. If the question is the entire sentence, which is partially quoted with perhaps an idiom or ironic statement, the question mark punctuates the end of the sentence- outside of the quotation marks used.American EnglishDo you understand what it means to be back at square one?Do you really think theyll just give me a slap on the wrist like they said they would? she asked.British EnglishDo you understand what it means to be back at square one?Do you really think theyll just give me a slap on the wrist like they said they would? she asked.Rule 6 - Idioms and words used in a nonstandard wayAs we briefl y mentioned above, quotation marks are used in both styles of English to denote a term that is classified as an idiom, or is used in some non-standard way such as ironically or sarcastically. Note that in this rule, the same standards noted in Rules 3 and 4 apply. Americans put the period or full stop inside the quotes, while the UK does the opposite.American EnglishNow I know why we use the term break a leg.I see that John is still spending a lot of quality time with his friend.British EnglishNow I know why we use the term break a leg.I see that John is still spending a lot of quality time with his friend.Rule 7 - Denoting shorter components of literature or other worksIn both styles of English, quotation marks are used to denote shorter components of literature or other works, such as titles of short stories, poems, a chapter from a book, a song that is part of a larger composition, a scene from a play, etc. Here is a complete list of components that should be denoted with quotat ion marks.PoemsShort storiesEssaysSongsChapter titlesMagazine or newspaper articlesIndividual episodes of a television seriesPage of a Web siteScenes from a play or musicalBelow are some examples of how this is done in both American-style and British-style English.American EnglishThe Waltz of the Flowers is my favorite part of the Nutcracker ballet.Poes famous short story, The Tell-Tale Heart, demonstrates how the author uses images of death and bleakness to convey his version of Romanticism.British EnglishThe Waltz of the Flowers is my favorite part of the Nutcracker ballet.Poes famous short story, The Tell-Tale Heart, demonstrates how the author uses images of death and bleakness to convey his version of Romanticism.Rule 8 - Quoted material interrupted by non-quoted material.When quoting a speaker or writer directly, we often include non-quoted words as well. In both American and British styles of English, the direct quote is separated from the non-quoted material with a comma. H owever, as shown in Rule 3, British English places the comma outside of the direct quote, while American English places it inside on the first set and outside of the second.American EnglishWere almost there, said Pat, only a few more miles to go.I dont think science backs this theory, stated Dr. Williams. You need to find scientific proof!British EnglishWere almost there, said Pat, only a few more miles to go.I dont think science backs this theory, stated Dr. Williams, you need to find scientific proof!Rule 9 - Quotes across paragraphsIn both styles of English language writing, when a quote spans multiple paragraphs, each paragraph begins with a quotation mark to denote the continuation of the quote. However, the closing quotation mark is only applied to the paragraph that contains the end of the quote.

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics difference Essay

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics difference - Essay Example Microeconomics deals with individual demand and supply of individual goods and services in the market. The law of demand states that as price increases, the quantity of goods demanded decreases other things held constant hence quantity demanded and price are inversely related. The law of supply on the other hand, states that as price increases the quantity of goods supplied increases other things held constant hence a positive relationship between quantities supplied and price. The magnitude of change in quantity demanded depends on price elasticity of demand and supply (Mankiw & Taylor, 2006). However, there are many factors besides price that affects the quantity of goods demanded and supplied leading to a change in demand or change in supply. A change in price causes movements along the demand and supply curve other factors held constant. Wessels (2006) argues that there are bound to be changes which affect demand or supply such us level of income and weather changes. The demand for a good or service is affected by the price of the good, income of household and the firm, wealth, tastes and preferences, price of other products, number of households demanding a good or service (Anderton, 2000). If the income increases, households have more purchasing power hence demand more goods and services thereby shifting the demand curve to the right and if income decreases, households reduce the demand for goods thus shifting the curve downwards. Same case applies to increase or decrease in the wealth of firms and households. However, it depends on the type of good or service. For an inferior good, an increase in income or wealth leads to decrease in quantity demanded of the good but for normal goods, an increase in income or wealth leads to more demand for the good (Beggs, 2011). Mankiw (2011) notes that a change in demand as a result of change in taste and preference or price of related products depends on the type of goods affected. For example, if a consu mer changes his/her preference from Pepsi to coke which are substitute goods, the demand for coke increases while demand for Pepsi decreases. For substitute goods, an increase in price of one good leads to an increase in quantity demanded of the other good. For example, if price of coke increases relative to the price of Pepsi, consumers shift demand from coke to Pepsi which serves the same purpose. For complimentary goods, an increase in price of one good leads to decrease in quantity demanded of the other good. Macroeconomics Macroeconomics deals with aggregate demand and aggregate supply in the economy. Aggregate demand comprises of; consumption, investment, government expenditure, exports and imports or the real national output (GDP). As Kyer and Maggs (1994) puts it, macroeconomics is not concerned with price elasticity, marginal costs and revenues as well as individual choices but rather government policies and the behaviour of the economy as a whole. The aggregate demand in t he economy is not affected by price but rather other factors such as; expectations of households, income, wealth, interest rates,

Operations and Business Systems Management (OBSM) - Business Studies Essay

Operations and Business Systems Management (OBSM) - Business Studies - Essay Example ny prioritizes some competitive criteria, according to market tendencies and concentrates its efforts to get a competitive position relating to concurrence’ (Santos et al., 2000, 2). The above issue was also examined by Rand (1999) who found that one of the most important advantages for a company that operates in the modern market is ‘visibility’ which was defined by Rand as ‘the capability to see and to understand the condition of the revenue-producing process as the revenue plan unfolds; the condition of the process is determined by the products position in the supply chain relative to the actual demand, i.e., the process is in good condition if the product and all of its components can be moved from their location in the process through the balance of the process in time to meet the date the product is scheduled to be shipped’ (Rand, 1999, 97). The above issues have to be considered when evaluating the corporate strategy followed by a company withi n a particular industrial sector. In this paper, Toyota is used as a ‘sample’ firm in order to investigate the level of effectiveness of corporate strategic plan as it is usually structured in most manufacturing companies around the world. The particular elements of the above company’s strategy (i.e. the most significant parts of its strategic plan) are then used in order to test the company’s ability to achieve its targets with a special reference to the ‘process types’ and ‘layout types’ that the company has chosen to use within the borders set by its strategic plan. Finally, the capacity strategy adopted by the organization is identified and evaluated taking into account the company’s internal and external environment and mostly its competitors both in the local and the global market. Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the most significant corporations in the automobile industry. The company was founded in 1894 and has soon become one of the world’s leading competitors in its area of